Table Of Content[email protected]
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An account of the mechanics of flow in and around
the air intakes of turbine-engined and ramjet aircraft
and missiles
J. Seddon
and
E. L. Goldsmith
COLLINS
8 Grafton Street, London W1
[email protected]
Collins Professional and Technical Books
William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd
8 Grafton Street, London W1X 3LA
First published in Great Britain by
Collins Professional and Technical Books 1985
Copyright (Q John Seddon and E.L. Goldsmith 1985
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Seddon, J.
Intake aerodynamics: an account of the
mechanics of flow in and around the air intakes
of turbine-engined and ramjet aircraft and missiles.
1. Airplanes-Hydraulic equipment 2. Intakes
(Hydraulic engineering) 3. Airflow
I. Title 11. Goldsmith, E.L.
629.132'32 TL697. H9
ISBN 0-00-383048-9
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
Mackays of Chatham, Kent
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of
the publishers.
Intake Aerodynamics
Contents
Foreword xii
Preface xiv
Acknowledgements xviii
Notation List xix
List of Abbreviations xxviii
Chapter 1: Introductory
1.1 Useful flow relationships
1.2 Incompressible flow
1.3 Momentum theorem
1.4 Aerodynamic duct concept
1.5 Flow quantity through an aerodynamic duct
1.6 Intake pressure recovery
1.7 Intake drag: compromise in design
Chapter 2: Pressure Recovery of Subsonic Intakes
Introduction
Collected data
Approximate theory of friction loss
Examination of ,u3v ariation
Systematic research on diffusers
Pressure recovery characteristics
Plenum chambers
vi CONTENTS
2.8 Propeller turbines
2.9 Flowstabilityin twinintakes
2.10 Helicopter intakes
Chapter 3: Transonic Effects in Pre-entry Flow
3.1 First expectations
3.2 Experiments of Davis et al.
3.3 Real nature of pre-entry flow
3.4 Pressure coefficient at separation
3.5 Effect of separation on intake pressure recovery
3.6 Basics of normal shock and turbulent boundary-layer
interaction
Chapter 4: Lip Separation and Transonic Throat Flow
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Calculation methods
4.3 Transonic throat flow with AJA, < 1
4.4 Lip shaping for AJA, > 1
4.5 Prediction of total-pressure loss
4.5.1 Attached flow at entry
4.5.2 Separated flow at entry
4.5.3 Special conditions with separated flow
4.6 Static loss in practical intakes
Chapter 5: External Supersonic Compression
5.1 Pitot intake
5.2 Two-shock intakes
5.3 Multi-shock intakes
5 -4 Isentropic compression
5.5 Limits of external compression
5.5.1 External shock attachment with no duct angling 129
CONTENTS vii
5.5.2 Internal shock attachment
5.5 -3 Shock structure
Intakes A and B
Position of normal shock in subcritical operation
5.7.1 Pitot intake
5.7.2 Two-shock intakes
Calculation of subcritical pressure recovery
Chapter 6: Internal Supersonic Compression
Flow starting problem
Limiting contraction ratio
Perforated intake
Variable geometry for flow starting
Types of intake and limiting pressure recovery
Mixed compression: intakes C and D
Some design, performance and operating aspects
Chapter 7: Additional Loss in Supersonic Intakes
Introduction
Pitot intake
Side intake
External-compression intakes: adaptation of
interaction formula
Empirical analysis of 'cornering losses' for
axisymmetric intakes
Inviscid theory for special case of cylindrical cowl
Situation with two-dimensional intakes
Chapter 8: Boundary Layer Bleeds and Diverters
8.1 Brief description
8.2 Parameters relevant to intake performance
.. .
Vlll CONTENTS
8.3 Removal of aircraft boundary layer
8.3.1 Normal-shock intakes
8.3- 2 External-compression intakes
8.4 Compression-surface bleeds
8.4.1 External compression
8.4.2 Internal or mixed compression
8.5 Bleed drag
8.5.1 Typesofflow
8.5.2 Application of momentum equation
8.6 Diverter drag
Chapter 9: Intake External Drag
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Definitions of thrust and drag
9.3 Subsonic intake drag below critical Mach number
9.4 Cowl design for high drag-rise Mach number
9.4.1 Subcritical design
9.4 -2 Supercritical design
9.5 Spillage drag
9.5.1 General considerations
9.5.2 Pitot intake at subsonic speeds
9.5.3 Pitot intake at transonic speeds
9.5.4 Pitot intake at supersonic speeds
9.5.5 Methods of prediction
9.5 -6 External-compression intakes
9.6 Cowl pressure drag
9.6.1 Axisymmetric sharp-lipped cowls
9.6.2 Two-dimensional sharp-lipped cowls
9.6.3 Blunt-lipped cowls
Chapter 10: Shock Oscillation of Supersonic Intakes
10.1 Introduction
CONTENTS
10.2 General description
10.3 Buzz initiation
10.3.1 Vortex-sheet (Ferri) criterion
10.3.2 Flow separation from compression surface
10.3.3 Pressure-slope criterion
10.3.4 Dynamic stability theories
10.4 Buzz avoidance
10.5 Other forms of shock oscillation
Chapter 11: Distortion and Swirl
Introduction and historical note
Total-pressure distortion
11.2.1 Criteria in steady flow
11.2.2 Dynamic distortion
11.2.3 Intake considerations
Swirl
11.3.1 Intrinsic nature of flow
11.3.2 Sensitivities and correlation potential
Chapter 12: Matching and Control
12.1 Subsonic intake
12.2 Supersonic intake: nature of the problem
12.3 Supply and demand
12.4 Variable geometry and practical examples
12.5 Additional complexities: a case in point
12.5.1 The Concorde intake
12.5.2 Matching in high-speed flight
12.5- 3 Transients
12.6 Matching of a ramjet intake
