Instructional personnel in wartime schools of the defense establishment

292 Pages·014.38 MB·English

by  Hammer, Wendell Austin

INSTRUCTIONAL PERSONNEL IN WARTIME SCHOOLS
OF THE DEFENSE ESTABLISHMENT
A Dissertation
Presented to
the Faoulty of the Graduate School
University of Southern California
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Doctor of Philosophy
by
Wendell Austin Hammer
July 1950
UMI Number: DP23999
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TTfM dissertation, written by
.....
under the guidance of h.fL&.. Faculty Committee
on Studies, and approved by all its members, has
been presented to and accepted by the Council
on Graduate Study and Research, in partial ful­
fillment of requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF P H ILO S O P H Y
Dean
Committee on Studies
Chairman
IllgW
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Although responsible representatives and offioial
documents of the Army, Navy, and Air Force were the sources
of a large proportion of the data upon which they were
based, the conclusions and recommendations reported in this
dissertation are my own and do not necessarily represent
the official vlewB of any of those servioes.
All data reported in this dissertation that were
taken from classified sources have been duly cleared by
authorized military security personnel.
I should like to express my appreciation to those
whose names appear on the preceding page and in Appendix A
for the time and knowledge they so graciously contributed
to this investigation. A speoial word of appreciation is
due one whose name does not elsewhere appear but whose
contributions were many— my wife, Pearl J. Hammer.
W. A. H.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PACE
I. THE PROBLEM..................................... 1
Introduction . . . . . . . 1
Statement of the problem . . . . . 3
Importance of the problem . . . . . 3
Introductory statement . . . . . 3
Importance to the nation • . • • 4
Importance to future military personnel. • 5
Importance to the Defense Establishment. • 6
Importance to the educational profession . 7
Importance of the problem in view of the
probable nature of a future war • • . 1 1
Importance of the problem as assessed by
eduoatlonal specialists • • • . I8
Organization of the dissertation • • • 19
Summary • • • • • • • • 29
I
II. PROCEDURES OF THE INVESTIGATION . . . . £&
i
,
Introduction . . • • • • • 22
Research procedures . . . • • • /i22
Sources of data • • • • • • . 24
Procurement of data . • • • • . 2 7
Treatment of data • . . • • * 31
Summary 33
V
CHAPTER PAGE
III. RELATED S T U D I E S ................................ 34
Introduction . . . . . . . 34
The need for research studies of military
instruction • • • • « • « 34
The Schorling study • • • * • • 37
The Army Air Forces study • . • . . 3 9
The American Council on Education study . . 42
The Office of Eduoation study • . . 46
The Johnson study • • • • • • 49
Other studies • • • • • • • 50
Summary • • • • • * • • 53
IV. THE NEED FOR INSTRUCTIONAL PERSONNEL IN WARTIME
MILITARY EDUCATION ......................... 56
Introduction • • • • • • * 56
The qualitative need for instructional personnel 56
Introductory statement . . , . * 5 6
The logical importance of instructional
personnel • « • • • • • 57
Opinion regarding the importance of
instructional personnel * • . * 5 7
The need for instructional personnel in
World War II . . . ♦ . • . 5 9
Introductory statement . ♦ „ • . 5 9
Speolfic instructor statistics . • . 5 9
Vi
CHAPTER PAGE
Training in the Army • • • . . 6 0
Training in the Navy • • • . . 6 1
The problem of rapid expansion • • . 6 2
Instruotor-student ratios in World War II • 63
Summary . . . . . . . . 6$
The need for instructional personnel today • 66
Introductory statement • • . . . 6 6
The number of personnel now in military
schools • . • • • • • 66
The trend in the number of courses now offered
in schools of the Defense Establishment • 67
Summary . . • • • • • • 68
The need for instructional personnel in
the future . . . . . . . 68
Summary • • • • . . . . 69
V. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THE NEED FOR
INSTRUCTIONAL PERSONNEL......................72
Introduction . . . . . . . 72
Current methods of procuring instructors in
the Defense Establishment • • • . 7 3
Introductory statement . . . . . 7 3
Army policies . • • • • • • 73
Navy policies . . . . . . . 75
Air Force policies . . . . . . 7 6
vii
CHAPTER PAGE
Current methods as a solution to the wartime
need for instructional personnel . • 61
Introductory statement * 81
Quantitative limitations • 82
Qualitative limitations ♦ . « • 83
Summary . . . . . . . 85
The Organized Reserves as a solution to the need 86
Introductory statement . . . . 86
Quantitative limitations . . . 86
Qualitative limitations . . . . 88
Summary . . . . . . . 92
Civilian institutions as a solution to the need 93
World War II procedures as a solution to
the need . . . . . . . 9^
Official plans for meeting the need . . 95
Summary • • • • . • • 95
VI. WORLD WAR II EXPERIENCES AS BASES EOR
PLANNING CRITERIA . . . . . 99
Introduction • • • • • • 99
General characteristics of instructor
procurement • • . • . . 100
Introductory statement . . . . 100
Tardy official recognition of the need
for instructors . . • . . 106
viii
CHAPTER PAGE
Early shortage of instructors • • » 101
Low priority of instructional duties • • 103
Early use of Reserve personnel • • . 104
Use of Civil Service instructors . * . 10$
Use of students as instructors • • • 107
Early emphasis on subjeot mastery • • • 109
Use of former civilian teachers * • • 111
Varied background of instructors • . • 113
Establishment of instructor schools • . 114
Low status of instructors • • • 116
Competition among and within the servioes
for instructors • • • • • • 119
Use of combat returnees as instructors • • 120
Common practices in instructor selection * 121
Specific instructor procurement procedures . 123
Introductory statement * . . 123
The Navy Physical Eduoation Program experiment 123
The Navy Air Teohnioal Training Program
experiment • . • . . . • 125
The Army Air Foroes Teohnioal Training
Program experiment * . . . * 1 2 8
The Army Air Forces Flying Training Program
experiment 130
Summary 135
CHAPTER PAGE
VII. CRITERIA FOR INSTRUCTOR PROCUREMENT PLANNING .
Introduction . . . . . . . 133
Procedures . . . . . . . 133
Introductory statement . . , . . 133
Procedural steps . . . . . 139
Respondents . . • • • • • 140
Introductory statement . . . . . 140
Civilian specialists . • . . « 141
Military training specialists . • . 143
Submission of criteria for evaluation . • 144
Criteria proposed to the respondents . • 144
Criteria added by the respondents • • • 161
Criteria finally selected • 166
Summary . . . . . . . . 175
VIII PLANNING PROPOSED FOR THE PROCUREMENT OF
WARTIME MILITARY INSTRUCTIONAL PERSONNEL . 177
Introduction 177
Planning proposed by others . . . . 177
Introductory statement . • • • » 177
Interchange of instructors . . . 178
Pre-mobilization Instructor training . . 178
An instructor reserve . . . . . 178
An instructor specialist group • • . 179
Educational corps • • • • • • 180