institute of animal physiology and animal nutrition

114 Pages·2002·1.31 MB·English

by  Dr. Naiyana Tipakorn

INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND ANIMAL NUTRITION
___________________________________________________________________________
EFFECTS OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA (BURM. F.) NEES ON
PERFORMANCE, MORTALITY AND COCCIDIOSIS IN BROILER CHICKENS
Doctoral Dissertation
Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences
of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
by
Naiyana Tipakorn
born in Nonthaburi (Thailand)
___________________________________________________________________________
GEORG-AUGUST-UNIVERSITY, GÖTTINGEN, GERMANY
MAY 2002
D 7
Referee: Prof. Dr. Udo ter Meulen
Co-referee : Prof. Dr. H. Böhnel
Date of examinations: 16th May 2002
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my most profound thanks to my advisors, Prof. Dr. Udo ter Meulen
and Prof. Dr. H. Böhnel for their advice and encouraging guidance throughout the study
period at Göttingen University, Germany. Grateful thanks are also extended to Prof. Dr. G.
Hörstgen-Schwark for her suggestion and also to Assis. Prof. Wandee Tartrakoon,
Department of Animal Science, Chiang Mai University. Sincere thanks go to Dr. Vet. Sci.
Pornchai Chamnarnpood, Director of Diagnosis and Research Centre, Department of
Livestock Development in Phitsanulok Province and also to Dr. Vet. Sci. Chunpen
Chamnarnpood and her veterinarians staff in this office for their help and suggestions. Deep
appreciation is also expressed to Mrs. G. ter Meulen for her constructive comments and
suggestions.
I would also like to express my sincere and heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Yenchit
Techadamrongsin and Mrs. Thidaratana Boonrod, Medicinal Plant Research Institute,
Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health for their help and suggestions in
analysis on chemical characteristics and conducting the thin layer chromatography (TLC).
I also thank all staff members at the Faculty of Animal Science in Phichit College of
Agriculture and Technology for their aid and comments during the research period in
Thailand.
My colleagues at the Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Göttingen University
supported me in various ways. Sincere thanks in particular to Nurhayati, Idat Galih Permana
and Klaus Grow.
Finally, I wish to give special recognition to my husband, Pirotj Tipakorn, my son Karn and
my daughter Sudjaporn and to my parents, for their patience and understanding during this
task.
LIST OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF CONTENTS i
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1. Botanical characteristics of Andrographis paniculata (AP) plant 4
2.2. Chemical composition of AP 6
2.3. Production of AP leaves 9
2.3.1. Cultivation 9
2.3.2. Harvesting 10
2.3.3. Post-harvest handling method 10
2.3.4. Packaging and storage 10
2.3.5. Yield of Andrographis paniculata 12
2.4. The use of AP as a traditional medicinal plant 12
2.5. Physiological and pharmacological properties of AP leaves 14
2.5.1. Effect of AP leaves on inflammation and fever 14
2.5.2. Effect of AP leaves on the common cold 16
2.5.3. Effect of AP leaves on diarrhea and intestinal tract 17
2.5.4. Effect of AP leaves on respiratory system 18
2.5.5. Effect of AP leaves on cardiovascular system 19
2.5.6. Effect of AP leaves on nervous system 20
2.5.7. Effect of AP leaves on liver and gall bladder protection 20
2.5.8. Effect of AP leaves on other diseases 22
2.6. Possible negative side effects of AP leaves 22
2.7. Main poultry diseases of economic importance in Thailand 24
2.7.1. Coccidiosis 25
2.7.2. Salmonellosis 29
2.7.3. Colibacillosis 31
2.7.4. Fowl cholera 33
2.8. Use of antibiotics in animal production 35
2.8.1. Use of tetracycline in animal production 35
2.8.2. Antibiotic residues in animal meat 36
2.8.3. Problems of antibiotic resistant microorganisms in animal production 37
3. EXPERIMENT 1: PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND
QUALITATIVE DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL
COMPOUNDS OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA LEAVES 38
3.1. Objective 38
3.2. Materials and methods 38
3.2.1. Preliminary test 38
3.2.2. Confirmatory test 39
3.2.3. Determination of chemical contents 40
3.3. Results 43
3.3.1. Results of colour test 43
3.3.2. Results of confirmatory test 43
3.3.3. Results of chemical content of AP 43
3.4. Discussion 44
3.5. Conclusions 46
4. EXPERIMENT 2: ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF
ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA LEAF EXTRACTS 47
4.1. Objective 47
4.2. Materials and methods for experiment 2.1. 47
4.2.1. Preparation of AP leaves powder 47
4.2.2. Extraction of AP by maceration method 47
4.2.3. Preparation of disk papers with AP extract 48
4.2.4. Preparation of bacteria 48
4.2.5. Preparation of disk diffusion test with AP extract 48
4.3. Materials and methods for experiment 2.2. 49
4.4. Results 49
4.5. Discussion 51
4.6. Conclusions 53
5. EXPERIMENT 3: EFFECT OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA
ON COCCIDIOSIS, BROILER PERFORMANCE AND
MORTALITY 54
5.1. Objectives 54
5.2. Materials and methods 54
5.2.1. Animals and housing 54
5.2.2. Design of experiment 54
5.2.3. Feed and feeding procedure 55
5.2.4. Measurements 57
5.2.4.1. Average daily gain (ADG) 57
5.2.4.2. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) 57
5.2.4.3. Mortality rate 57
5.2.4.4. Blood clinical chemistry values 58
5.2.4.5. Lesion scoring in intestinal tract and carcass evaluation 59
5.3. Data analysis 59
5.4. Results 59
5.4.1. Average daily gain 60
5.4.2. Feed conversion ratio 61
5.4.3. Mortality rate 62
5.4.4. The lesion scoring 63
5.4.5. Blood clinical chemistry values 64
5.4.6. Carcass characteristics 65
5.5. Discussion 65
5.6. Conclusions 67
6. EXPERIMENT 4: EFFECT OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA
ON BROILER PERFORMANCE AND MORTALITY
COMPARED WITH CHLORTETRACYCLINE
68
6.1. Objectives 68
6.2. Materials and methods 68
6.2.1. Animals and housing 68
6.2.2. Design of experiment 68
6.2.3. Feed and feeding procedure 69
6.2.4. Measurements 69
6.2.4.1. Average daily gain (ADG) 69
6.2.4.2. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) 70
6.2.4.3. Mortality rate 70
6.2.4.4. Blood clinical chemistry values 70
6.2.4.5. Microbiological findings in inner organs and carcass evaluation 70
6.3. Data analysis 71
6.4. Results 71
6.4.1. Average daily gain 71
6.4.2. Feed conversion ratio 72
6.4.3. Mortality rate 73
6.4.4. Blood clinical chemistry values 73
6.4.5. Carcass characteristics 74
6.4.6. Microbiological findings in inner organs 75
6.5. Discussion 77
6.6. Conclusions 78
7. GENERAL DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
FUTURE WORK 79
7.1. General discussion 79
7.2. Recommendations for future work 81
8. CONCLUSIONS 83
9. SUMMARY 84
10. REFERENCES 87
11. APPENDIX 99
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1. Medicinal plants of the family ACANTHACEAE that have been collected
in Parkchong Research Station Garden in Thailand and their traditional
use 5
Table 2.2. Percent total diterpene lactones in AP after harvesting at different
growth periods 10
Table 2.3. Percent total diterpene lactones in the aerial part of AP after different
periods of storage 11
Table 2.4. Promoted and general used coccidiostats in Thailand 29
Table 3.1. Thin layer chromatography of AP 44
Table 3.2. Quality of AP leaves sample compared with standard quality
requirements of Thai Herbal Medicine (THM) 45
Table 4.1. Susceptibility results of agar diffusion test with different AP extracts in
more concentrations for different diarrhea bacteria 50
Table 4.2. Susceptibility results of agar diffusion test with different AP extracts for
different diarrhea bacteria 51
Table 5.1. Feed composition of broiler feed in the experiment 56
Table 5.2. Feed ingredients in diet of starter phase (0-3 weeks), finisher phase (4-6
weeks) in dry matter basis 56
Table 5.3. Average daily gain (ADG) of broilers fed diets with varying levels of
Andrographis paniculata leaf meal supplement after infection with
coccidiosis 61
Table 5.4. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers fed diets with varying levels of
Andrographis paniculata leaf meal supplement after infection with
coccidiosis 62
Table 5.5. The mortality rates of broilers fed diets with varying levels of
Andrographis paniculata leaf meal supplement after infection with
coccidiosis 62
Table 5.6. The lesion scoring on intestines of broilers fed diets with varying levels
of Andrographis paniculata leaf meal supplement after infection with
coccidiosis 63
Table 5.7. Results of blood clinical chemistry analyses of broilers fed diets with
varying levels of Andrographis paniculata leaf meal supplement after
infection with coccidiosis 64
Table 5.8. Carcass characteristics of broilers fed diets with varying levels of
Andrographis paniculata leaf meal supplement after infection with
coccidiosis 65
Table 6.1. Average daily gain (ADG) of broilers fed diets with varying levels of
Andrographis paniculata leaf meal or chlortetracycline additive 71
Table 6.2. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers fed diets with varying levels of
Andrographis paniculata leaf meal or chlortetracycline additive 72
Table 6.3. Mortality rates of broilers fed diets with varying levels of Andrographis
paniculata leaf meal or chlortetracycline additive 73
Table 6.4. Effect of AP or chlortetracycline on blood clinical chemistry values of
glucose, total protein, albumin and globulin levels in serum 74
Table 6.5. Carcass characteristics of broilers fed diets with varying levels of
Andrographis paniculata leaf meal or chlortetracycline additive 75
Table 6.6. Microbiological findings in inner organs of broilers fed diets with
varying levels of Andrographis paniculata leaf meal or chlortetracycline
additive 76