Instant Notes in Inorganic Chemistry (The Instant Notes Chemistry Series)

297 Pages·2004·5.83 MB·English

by  Tony Cox

Instant Notes
Inorganic Chemistry
Second Edition
The INSTANT NOTES series
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Instant Notes
Inorganic Chemistry
Second Edition
P.A.Cox
Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory,
New College, Oxford, UK
LONDON AND NEW YORK
© Garland Science/BIOS Scientific Publishers, 2004
First published 2000
Second edition 2004
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 0-203-48827-X Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-59760-5 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 1 85996 289 0
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cox, P.A.
Inorganic chemistry/P.A.Cox.—2nd ed.
p. cm.—(The instant notes chemistry series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-85996-289-0 (pbk.)
1. Chemistry, Inorganic—Outlines, syllabi, etc. I. Title. II. Series.
QD153.5.C69 2004 546′.02′02–dc22
Production Editor: Andrea Bosher
CONTENTS
Abbreviations viii
Preface x
Section A— Atomic structure
A1 The nuclear atom 2
A2 Atomic orbitals 6
A3 Many-electron atoms 11
A4 The periodic table 15
A5 Trends in atomic properties 19
Section B— Introduction to inorganic substances
B1 Electronegativity and bond type 25
B2 Chemical periodicity 29
B3 Stability and reactivity 33
B4 Oxidation and reduction 37
B5 Describing inorganic compounds 41
B6 Inorganic reactions and synthesis 45
B7 Methods of characterization 49
Section C— Structure and bonding in molecules
C1 Electron pair bonds 55
C2 Molecular shapes: VSEPR 60
C3 Molecular symmetry and point groups 65
C4 Molecular orbitals: homonuclear diatomics 70
C5 Molecular orbitals: heteronuclear diatomics 75
C6 Molecular orbitals: polyatomics 79
C7 Rings and clusters 83
C8 Bond strengths 87
vi
C9 Lewis acids and bases 91
C10 Molecules in condensed phases 94
Section D— Structure and bonding in solids
D1 Introduction to solids 98
D2 Element structures 102
D3 Binary compounds: simple structures 106
D4 Binary compounds: factors influencing structure 111
D5 More complex solids 115
D6 Lattice energies 119
D7 Electrical and optical properties of solids 124
Section E— Chemistry in solution
E1 Solvent types and properties 129
E2 Brønsted acids and bases 133
E3 Complex formation 137
E4 Solubility of ionic substances 141
E5 Electrode potentials 144
Section F— Chemistry of nonmetals
F1 Introduction to nonmetals 149
F2 Hydrogen 152
F3 Boron 156
F4 Carbon, silicon and germanium 160
F5 Nitrogen 164
F6 Phosphorus, arsenic and antimony 168
F7 Oxygen 172
F8 Sulfur, selenium and tellurium 176
F9 Halogens 180
F10 Noble gases 184
Section G— Chemistry of non-transition metals
G1 Introduction to non-transition metals 188
G2 Group 1: alkali metals 192
G3 Group 2: alkaline earths 195
G4 Group 12: zinc, cadmium and mercury 198
vii
G5 Group 13: aluminum to thallium 201
G6 Group 14: tin and lead 205
Section H— Chemistry of transition metals
H1 Introduction to transition metals 209
H2 Ligand field theory 213
H3 3d series: aqueous ions 217
H4 3d series: solid compounds 220
H5 4d and 5d series 223
H6 Complexes: structure and isomerism 226
H7 Complexes: kinetics and mechanism 230
H8 Complexes: electronic spectra and magnetism 233
H9 Complexes: π acceptor ligands 237
H10 Organometallic compounds 241
Section I— Lanthanides and actinides
I1 Lanthanum and the lanthanides 247
I2 Actinium and the actinides 250
Section J— Environmental, biological and industrial aspects
J1 Origin and abundance of the elements 254
J2 Geochemistry 257
J3 Bioinorganic chemistry 260
J4 Industrial chemistry: bulk inorganic chemicals 265
J5 Industrial chemistry: catalysts 269
J6 Environmental cycling and pollution 273
Further reading 277
Appendix I— The elements 1–103 279
Appendix II— The Periodic Table of Elements 280
Index 281
ABBREVIATIONS
3c2e three-center two-electron
3c4e three-center four-electron
3D three dimensional
ADP adenosine diphosphate
An actinide
AO atomic orbital
ATP adenosine triphosphate
bcc body-centered cubic
BO bond order
BP boiling point
CB conduction band
ccp cubic close packing
CN coordination number
Cp cyclopentadienyl (C H )
5 5
E unspecified (non-metallic) element
EA electron affinity
EAN effective atomic number
EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetate
Et ethyl (C H )
2 5
fcc face-centered cubic
hcp hexagonal close packing
HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital
HSAB hard and soft acid-base
IE (first) ionization energy
I nth ionization energy (n=1, 2,…)
n
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
L unspecified ligand
LCAO linear combination of atomic orbitals
LFSE ligand field stabilization energy
LMCT ligand-to-metal charge transfer
LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
ix
Ln lanthanide
M unspecified (metallic) element
Me methyl (CH )
3
MLCT metal-to-ligand charge transfer
MO molecular orbital
MP melting point
Ph phenyl (C H )
6 5
R organic group (alkyl or aryl)
RAM relative atomic mass
SN steric number
UV ultraviolet
VB valence band
VE valence electron
VSEPR valence shell electron pair repulsion
X unspecified element (often a halogen)
Z atomic number