Table Of ContentINSECTICIDES –
PEST ENGINEERING
Edited by Farzana Perveen
INSECTICIDES –
PEST ENGINEERING
Edited by Farzana Perveen
Insecticides – Pest Engineering
Edited by Farzana Perveen
Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2012 InTech
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Publishing Process Manager Dejan Grgur
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
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First published February, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]
Insecticides – Pest Engineering, Edited by Farzana Perveen
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-895-3
Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Insecticides Mode of Action 1
Chapter 1 Insecticide 3
A. C. Achudume
Chapter 2 Chlorfluazuron as Reproductive Inhibitor 23
Farzana Perveen
Chapter 3 Organophosphorus Insecticides
and Glucose Homeostasis 63
Apurva Kumar R. Joshi and P.S. Rajini
Chapter 4 The Toxicity of Fenitrothion and Permethrin 85
Dong Wang, Hisao Naito and Tamie Nakajima
Chapter 5 DDT and Its Metabolites in Mexico 99
Iván Nelinho Pérez Maldonado, Jorge Alejandro Alegría-Torres,
Octavio Gaspar-Ramírez, Francisco Javier Pérez Vázquez,
Sandra Teresa Orta-Garcia and Lucia Guadalupe Pruneda Álvarez
Chapter 6 Presence of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
in Croatia and Evaluation of Its Genotoxicity 117
Goran Gajski, Marko Gerić, Sanda Ravlić,
Željka Capuder and Vera Garaj-Vrhovac
Part 2 Vector Management 151
Chapter 7 Vector Control Using Insecticides 153
Alhaji Aliyu
Chapter 8 Susceptibility Status
of Aedes aegypti to Insecticides in Colombia 163
Ronald Maestre Serrano
VI Contents
Chapter 9 Behavioral Responses of Mosquitoes to Insecticides 201
Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
Chapter 10 Essential Plant Oils
and Insecticidal Activity in Culex quinquefasciatus 221
Maureen Leyva, Olinka Tiomno, Juan E. Tacoronte,
Maria del Carmen Marquetti and Domingo Montada
Chapter 11 Biological Control of Mosquito Larvae
by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis 239
Mario Ramírez-Lepe and Montserrat Ramírez-Suero
Chapter 12 Metabolism of Pyrethroids by Mosquito
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes: Impact on Vector Control 265
Pornpimol Rongnoparut, Sirikun Pethuan,
Songklod Sarapusit and Panida Lertkiatmongkol
Part 3 Pest Management 285
Chapter 13 Bioactive Natural Products from Sapindaceae
Deterrent and Toxic Metabolites Against Insects 287
Martina Díaz and Carmen Rossini
Chapter 14 Pest Management Strategies for Potato Insect
Pests in the Pacific Northwest of the United States 309
Silvia I. Rondon
Chapter 15 Management of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera,
Gelechiidae) with Insecticides on Tomatoes 333
Mohamed Braham and Lobna Hajji
Chapter 16 Management Strategies for Western
Flower Thrips and the Role of Insecticides 355
Stuart R. Reitz and Joe Funderburk
Chapter 17 The Past and Present of Pear Protection
Against the Pear Psylla, Cacopsylla pyri L. 385
Stefano Civolani
Chapter 18 Effects of Kaolin Particle Film and Imidacloprid
on Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis )
(Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Populations and
the Prevention of Spread of Xylella fastidiosa in Grape 409
K.M. Tubajika, G.J. Puterka, N.C. Toscano,
J. Chen and E.L. Civerolo
Chapter 19 Use and Management
of Pesticides in Small Fruit Production 425
Carlos García Salazar, Anamaría Gómez Rodas and John C. Wise
Contents VII
Chapter 20 The Conundrum of Chemical
Boll Weevil Control in Subtropical Regions 437
Allan T. Showler
Chapter 21 Management of Tsetse Fly
Using Insecticides in Northern Botswana 449
C. N. Kurugundla, P. M. Kgori and N. Moleele
Part 4 Toxicological Profile of Insecticides 477
Chapter 22 Trends in Insecticide Resistance in Natural
Populations of Malaria Vectors
in Burkina Faso, West Africa: 10 Years’ Surveys 479
K. R. Dabiré, A. Diabaté, M. Namountougou, L. Djogbenou,
C. Wondji, F. Chandre, F. Simard, J-B. Ouédraogo,
T. Martin, M. Weill and T. Baldet
Chapter 23 The Role of Anopheles gambiae P450
Cytochrome in Insecticide Resistance and Infection 503
Rute Félix and Henrique Silveira
Chapter 24 Genetic Toxicological Profile
of Carbofuran and Pirimicarb Carbamic Insecticides 519
Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo L. Larramendy
Preface
Agriculture is the mainstay of worldwide economy and the majority of urban and
rural population of the world depends on it. Production of agricultural commodities is
hindered by pest attacks. Sometimes the damage caused can be so severe that the
economic yield of a crop is not possible. Insecticides are organic or inorganic chemical
substances or mixtures of substances that can occur naturally or be synthesized, and
are intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating the effect of any pest
including avian, mammalian, crawling and flying insect pests.
Pesticides are divided to insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, acaricides
and nematocides according to the organisms that they affect. There are various forms
of insecticides; most are repellants or insect growth regulators used in agriculture,
public health, horticulture or food storage. It is evident that insecticides have been
used to boost food production to a considerable extent and to control disease vectors.
Insecticides are used in various forms; from hydrocarbon oils, arsenical compounds,
organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamates, dinitrophenols, organic thiocynates,
sulfur, sodium fluoride, pyrethroids and rotenone, to nicotine and bioactive natural
products in solid or liquid form. These insecticides are highly toxic to pests and many
others are relatively harmless to other organisms. Pests can respond to insecticides in
at least two different ways: behavioral action, namely avoidance and toxicity.
A bacterium Bti is applied successfully in biological control programs against
mosquitoes and flies larvae all over the world. The study of each of its facets is
addressed in this book and will open new perspectives to improve their effectiveness
in biological control.
Vector-borne diseases are a major contributor to the overall burden of diseases,
particularly in tropical and sub-tropical areas, and a significant impediment to socio-
economic development in developing countries. Insecticides still provide the most
promising countermeasures to control malaria, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and
other arthropod-borne diseases. The knowledge about the mosquito’s behavioral
responses to particular chemicals is very important for the prioritization and design of
appropriate vector prevention and control strategies. Today, the development of
insecticide resistance in insect pests and disease vectors occurs worldwide and on an
increasing scale. This phenomenon suggests that behavioral responses will likely play
a significant role in how certain pesticides perform to interrupt human-vector contact
X Preface
while also reducing the selection pressure on target insects for developing resistance.
Several factors are believed to play major roles in inducing pyrethroid resistance in
mosquitoes. The most serious factor is the uncontrolled use of photo-stable
pyrethroids. The relative resistance of mammals to pyrethroids is almost entirely
attributable to their ability to hydrolyze the pyrethroids rapidly to their inactive acid
and alcohol components, following direct injection into the mammalian CNS.
This book provides information on various aspects of pests, vectors, pesticides,
biological control and resistance.
Farzana Perveen
Chairperson, Department of Zoology
Hazara University, Garden Campus
Mansehra
Pakistan
