Insect Pest Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection (Agriculture & Environment Series)

375 Pages·1999·3.71 MB·English

by  Jack E. Rechcigl

Insect Pest
Management:
Techniques for
Environmental
Protection
by
Jack E. Rechcigl
and
Nancy A. Rechcigl
Ann Arbor Press
Chelsea, Michigan
LEWIS PUBLISHERS
Boca Raton New York
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Insect pest management: techniques for environmental protection /
[edited] by Jack E. Rechcigl and Nancy A. Rechcigl.
p. cm. (Agriculture & environment series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56670-478-2 (alk. paper)
1. Insect pests -- Biological control. I. Rechcigl, Jack E. II. Rechcigl. Nancy A. III. Series..
SB933.3.I53 1999
632′ .9517—dc21 99-40543
CIP
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© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
Agriculture and Environment Series
Jack E. Rechcigl
Editor-in-Chief
Agriculture is an essential part of our economy on which we all depend for food,
feed and fiber. With increased agricultural productivity in this country as well as
abroad, the general public has taken agriculture for granted while voicing their
concern and dismay over possible adverse effects of agriculture on the environment.
The public debate that has ensued on the subject has been brought about, in part,
by the indiscriminate use of agricultural chemicals and, in part, by disinformation,
based largely on anecdotal evidence.
At the national level recommendations have been made for increased research
in this area by such bodies as the Office of Technology Assessment, the National
Academy of Sciences, and the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and
Government. Specific issues identified for attention include contamination of surface
and groundwater by natural and chemical fertilizers, pesticides and sediment, the
continued abuse of fragile and nutrient poor soils, and suitable disposal of industrial
and agricultural waste.
Although a number of publications have appeared recently on specific environ-
mental effects of some agricultural practices, no attempt has been made to approach
the subject systematically and comprehensively. The aim of this series is to fill the
gap by providing the synthesis and critical analysis of the state of the art in different
areas of agriculture bearing on environment and of environment on agriculture.
Efforts will also be made to review research in progress and to comment on per-
spectives for the future. From time to time methodological treatises as well as
compendia of important data in handbook form will also be included. The emphasis
throughout the series will be on comprehensiveness, comparative aspects, alternative
approaches, innovation, and worldwide orientation.
Specific topics will be selected by the Editor-in-Chief with the council of an
international advisory board. Imaginative and timely suggestions for the inclusion
in the series from individual scientists will be given serious consideration.
PUBLISHED TITLES
Environmentally Safe Approaches to Crop Disease Control
Soil Amendments and Environmental Quality
Soil Amendments: Impacts on Biotic Systems
FORTHCOMING TITLES
Environmentally Sound Approaches to Insect Pest Management
To our parents and our family for their love and support.
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
Dedication
To our parents and our family for their love and support.
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
Preface
Insect pest management has always been and will continue to be a constant
challenge to agricultural producers and researchers alike. As insect resistance to
commonly used pesticides builds and the removal of more toxic pesticides from the
market continues, controlling insect infestations will become increasingly more
difficult. Growers are constantly faced with the dilemma of producing a high quality,
pest-free crop within economical means, without endangering the environment and
the workers’ safety.
While the environmental concerns are in order, we have to, at the same time,
guard against extreme points of view by zealous advocates, since, as the matters
now stand, the traditional cultural practices are here to stay, and the use of chemical
pesticides, in the foreseeable future, will remain playing an important role in pest
management.
The purpose of this book is to present a balanced overview of environmentally
safe and ecologically sound approaches applied to commonly used practices in insect
pest management. The use of various biological agents and other physiological
approaches, as well as of biotechnological techniques, is the subject of a separate
publication and will therefore not be covered in this volume.
The first part of the book examines specific ecological measures which could be
taken to prevent or lessen insect pest infestations of crops. The next section covers
a variety of environmentally acceptable physical control measures to prevent insect
pests from entering greenhouses and infesting specific plants. Judicious use of
chemical pesticides forms the third section which encompasses a choice of recom-
mended formulations and applications of preferable insecticides, including those
that could be targeted against the destructive pests, without harming beneficial insects
and the surrounding environment. The fourth section presents a detailed account of
various agronomic and other cultural practices, which have proven to be effective
against insect pests, yet which are considered environmentally sound, as well as
other potential measures that could, with suitable modifications, be made environ-
mentally acceptable. A separate chapter is devoted to integrated pest management
based on the current state-of-the-art. Section five deals with biological control of
insects, including biological control by Bti. The last section of the book is devoted
to regulatory and legislative aspects, covering both the inspection and quarantine of
plant materials, and the other regulations relating to insecticide control.
Each chapter has been written by an expert in the respective field. This publi-
cation should be a useful source of information to students and professionals in the
field of entomology, agronomy, horticulture, ecology, and environmental sciences,
as well as to agricultural practitioners, extension workers and industrial chemists,
and last but not least, to all persons concerned with regulatory and legislative matters.
The editors wish to thank the individual contributors for the time and effort they
put into the preparation of their chapters. In addition, special thanks are due to the
Ann Arbor Press and CRC Press Staff and Editorial Board.
Jack E. Rechcigl
Nancy A. Rechcigl
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
The Editors
Jack E. Rechcigl is a Professor of Soil and Environ-
mental Sciences at the University of Florida and is
located at the Research and Education Center in Ona,
FL. He received his B.S. degree (1982) in Agriculture
from the University of Delaware, Newark, DE and his
M.S. (1983) and Ph.D. (1986) degrees in Soil Science
from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univer-
sity, Blacksburg, VA. He joined the faculty of the Uni-
versity of Florida in 1986 as Assistant Professor, in
1991 was promoted to Associate Professor, and in 1996
attained Full Professorship. In 1999, he was named a
University of Florida Research Foundation Professor.
Dr. Rechcigl has authored over 200 publications,
including contributions to books, monographs, and articles in periodicals in the fields
of soil fertility, environmental quality, and water pollution. His research has been
supported by research grants totaling over $3 million from both private sources and
government agencies. Dr. Rechcigl has been a frequent speaker at national and
international workshops and conferences and has consulted in various countries,
including Canada, Brazil, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan,
Philippines, France, and the Czech Republic. He also serves on a number of national
and international boards, including the University of Cukurova Mediterranean Inter-
national Center for Soils and Environment Research in Turkey.
He is currently Editor-in-Chief of the Agriculture and Environment Book Series,
Associate Editor of the Soil and Crop Science Society Proceedings, and until recently
Associate Editor of the Journal of Environmental Quality. Most recently he has
edited Insect Pest Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection (Lewis
Publishers, 2000), Environmentally Safe Approaches to Crop Disease Control (Lewis
Publishers and CRC Press, 1997), Soil Amendments: Impacts on Biotic Systems
(Lewis Publishers and CRC Press, 1995), and Use of By-Products and Wastes in
Agriculture (American Chemical Society, 1997). He is also serving as an invitational
reviewer of manuscripts and grant proposals for scientific journals and granting
agencies.
Dr. Rechcigl is a member of the American Chemical Society, Soil Science Society
of America, American Society of Agronomy, International Soil Science Society, Czech-
oslovak Society of Arts and Sciences, various trade organizations, and the honorary
societies of Sigma Xi, Gamma Sigma Delta, Phi Sigma, and Gamma Beta Phi.
Dr. Rechcigl has been the recipient of numerous awards, including the Sigma
Xi Research Award, University of Philippines Research Award, University of Florida
Research Honor Award, University of Florida Research Achievement Award, and
University of Delaware Presidential Citation for Outstanding Achievement Award.
Most recently he was elected a Fellow of the American Society of Agronomy, Fellow
of the Soil Science Society of America, and the recipient of Honorary Professorship
from the Czech Agricultural University in Prague.
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
Nancy A. Rechcigl holds the position of entomolo-
gist with Yoder Bros. Inc., Parrish, FL, specializing
in plant disease and entomological problems of flo-
ricultural crops. Prior to joining Yoder Bros., Nancy
worked for the University of Florida (1989–1994)
as a County Horticultural Agent, providing diagnos-
tic services and information on cultural practices and
pest management to horticultural, landscape, and
pest control industries. As an Extension Agent she
was also responsible for supervising the County
Master Gardener Program, providing instructional
classes and operating a Plant Clinic that was popular
with the urban community. From 1986 to 1989, she
worked for Ball PanAm Inc., Parrish, FL as a Plant Pathologist responsible for the
disease certification program of ornamental plants.
Over the past 12 years, Ms. Rechcigl has given numerous lectures on the iden-
tification and control of disease and pest problems of turf and ornamentals. In
addition to writing a weekly gardening column “Suncoast Gardening” for the urban
community, she frequently contributes articles to local trade and professional jour-
nals. Most recently she has co-edited the books Environmentally Safe Approaches
to Crop Disease Control (Lewis Publishers and CRC Press, 1997), and Insect Pest
Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection (Lewis Publishers, 2000).
Ms. Rechcigl received her B.S. degree (1983) in Plant Pathology from the
University of Delaware, Newark, DE. She did her graduate work at Virginia Poly-
technic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA, receiving her M.S. degree in
1986, specializing in Plant Virology.
Ms. Rechcigl is an active member of the American Phytopathological Society,
Entomological Society of America, Florida Nurserymen and Growers Association,
Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences, and the Honorary Society of Phi Kappa
Phi.
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
Contributors
D. A. Andow J. P. Harmon
Department of Entomology Department of Entomology
University of Minnesota University of Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota
Eitan Ben-Dov David J. Horn
Center for Biological Control Department of Entomology
Department of Life Sciences The Ohio State University
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Columbus, Ohio
Be’er-Sheva, Israel
Edwin Imai
Gary L. Cave
Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service Plant Protection and
Service Plant Protection and Quarantine
Quarantine
U.S.D.A./A.P.H.I.S.
U.S.D.A./A.P.H.I.S.
Riverdale, Maryland
Riverdale, Maryland
G. W. Cuperus
Robert P. Kahn
Department of Entomology and Plant
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Pathology
Rockville, Maryland
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, Oklahoma
Yoel Margalith
Center for Biological Control
Clive A. Edwards
Department of Life Sciences
Department of Entomology
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
The Ohio State University
Be’er-Sheva, Israel
Columbus, Ohio
P. G. Mulder
Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo
Department of Entomology and Plant
Economic Research Service
Pathology
U.S.D.A./E.R.S.
Oklahoma State University
Washington, D.C.
Stillwater, Oklahoma
John K. Greifer
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Michael Ollinger
Service Trade Support Team Economic Research Service
U.S.D.A./A.P.H.I.S. U.S.D.A./E.R.S.
Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.
James Robert Hagler Christian Y. Oseto
Western Cotton Research Laboratory Department of Entomology
U.S.D.A./A.R.S. Purdue University
Phoenix, Arizona West Lafayette, Indiana
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
Douglas G. Pfeiffer T. A. Royer
Department of Entomology Department of Entomology and Plant
Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State Pathology
University Oklahoma State University
Blacksburg, Virginia Stillwater, Oklahoma
N. A. Schellhorn
Department of Entomology
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC