Insect Mouthparts: Form, Function, Development and Performance

688 Pages·2019·47.19 MB·English

by  Harald W. Krenn

Zoological Monographs 5
Harald W. Krenn Editor
Insect
Mouthparts
Form, Function, Development and
Performance
Zoological Monographs
Volume 5
SeriesEditors
HeikeFeldhaar
TierökologieI,UniversitätBayreuth,Bayreuth,Germany
AndreasSchmidt-Rhaesa
Centrum für Naturkunde, Wirbellose Tiere 1, Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg,
Germany
The book series Zoological Monographs is devoted to the study of the animal
kingdom and covers all aspects of animals, both living and extinct, including
taxonomy, systematics and evolution, biodiversity and biogeography, ecology,
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Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/15188
Harald W. Krenn
Editor
Insect Mouthparts
Form, Function, Development
and Performance
Editor
HaraldW.Krenn
DepartmentofIntegrativeZoology
UniversityofVienna
Vienna,Austria
ISSN2523-3904 ISSN2523-3912 (electronic)
ZoologicalMonographs
ISBN978-3-030-29653-7 ISBN978-3-030-29654-4 (eBook)
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Natura maxima miranda in minimis
Carl von Linné
Preface
Insects comprise the largest group of animals on Earth. The high complexity and
functional morphology of insect mouthparts attracted my attention since my early
yearsofstudyattheUniversityofVienna.Iwaspuzzledbytheperplexingdiversity
andperformanceoftheseminutefeedingtools.Themouthpartsofanyinsect—dead
oralive—reflectthedietandprovideinsightsintotheecologyandlifehistoryofthe
respectivespecies.Insectfeedingbehaviorandthereforealsoinsectmouthpartshave
amajorimpactonterrestrialecosystemsandinfluencemuchofhumanactivityand
health.Asaconsequence,entomologistshavebeenstudyingvariousaspectsofthe
morphologyandfunctionoffeedingorgansoveralongperiod,andallentomolog-
icaltextbooksdealwithmorphologyandevolutionofinsectmouthparts.However,
todatetherehasbeennocomprehensivebookoninsectmouthparts.Thiscompen-
dium hopes to fill this gap and provides information on various contemporary
aspects of insect mouthparts. Certainly, the book does not claim to contain all
available information on insect mouthparts, but it includes several overviews and
presents recent scientific advances that have contributed to an increasing under-
standingoftheform,function,development,andperformanceoftheseorgans.
Thisbookisaimedatfosteringandencouragingstudentsandacademicstopursue
researchonmouthparts.Itisanattemptatsummarizingthelargebodyofknowledge
about insect mouthparts and delineating new perspectives of investigation. This
volumecoversvariousaspects andpresentsintriguing resultsonthecomplexityof
the feeding organs of insects. The topics start with overviews on functional
morphologyofmouthpartsandthedevelopmentalgeneticpatterningofmouthparts
inmodelspeciesandfurtherrangefrombiomechanicstomorphologyandevolution
of mouthparts in the phylogenetic context of particular taxa, ecomorphological
aspects of flower-visiting groups, as well as morphology and feeding ecology in
extinctfossilinsects.
This book includes 17 chapters which were written by various experts who
summarized the current knowledge or who presented novel avenues of research
andnewperspectivesonform,function,andevolutionofinsectmouthparts.
vii
viii Preface
Chapter1summarizesfactsabouttheimpactofinsectfeedingandtheecological
rolesofinsects.Itstressesthatallfeedingactivitiesareassociatedwithmouthparts
andevaluatestheecologicalandcommercialimpactofinsectfeeding.
Chapter2providesanoverviewonthefunctionalmorphologyofmouthpartsand
shouldberegardedasanintroductionforstudentsandallthosewhoarenewtoinsect
mouthparts.Inadditiontothedescriptiononthegeneralmorphologyandfunction,
informationaboutmouthpartmorphologyofthevariousinsectordersissummarized
andexamplesareselectedtoillustratecurrentresearchinfunctionalmorphologyof
mouthparts.
Chapter 3dealswith thehugediversityofsuckingmouthpartsinacomparative
approach using functional types. Many examples of parallel evolution and conver-
gent adaptations of feeding behavior in relation to particular food sources are
presented.
Chapter4reviewsthefilter-feedingtechniquesofaquaticinsects.Theimmature
stages of various groups are highly important for maintaining clear water bodies,
recyclingoforganicmaterial,andtransportoforganicsubstancesoutoffreshwater
habitatsbacktothesurroundingterrestrialhabitats.
Chapter 5 is devoted to the developmental biology of insect mouthparts. The
currentknowledgeofthegeneticpatterningandthemodificationofseriallyhomol-
ogous appendages to different morphology and feeding techniques are presented.
Concepts of evolution of serial homologous organs are discussed to understand
organevolutioninprinciple.
Chapter 6 summarizes the current knowledge of the mouthpart morphology of
basal entognathous and ectognathous taxa of Hexapoda. In addition, this chapter
provides a quantitative analysis of the mandibular lever mechanics across this
diversetaxontogetherwithanexplorationofphylogeneticsignal.
Chapter 7 presents the feeding apparatus of cockroaches as a biomechanical
modelofbiting–chewingmouthpartsinthePolyneoptera.Thiscomparativecontri-
bution combines information on microanatomy, morphology, kinematics, mechan-
ics,andthemuscularcontrolofthevariousmouthpartcomponents.
Chapter 8 introduces the biophysics of fluid-feeding in insects and explains the
underlyingparametersandphysicallawsthatgovernfluiduptakewithaproboscis.
This chapter discusses the associated wetting phenomena, the mechanisms of fluid
uptake by proboscises, and the biomechanics of proboscis/sucking pump
interactions.
Chapter9focusesonthecuticlesurfacepropertiesoftheproboscisofLepidoptera.
Recentstudiesaresummarizeddemonstratingthatthehydrophilicandhydrophobic
properties of the cuticle are crucial in explaining the performance of fluid-feeding
insectsingeneral.
Chapter10presentsanoverviewonthemouthpartsofantsandfocusesonalittle
studiedfeature:thefluid-feedingcapabilitiesofantworkersthatcollectliquidsasa
mainsourceofcarbohydrateforthecolony.Anewmethodispresentedtocompare
theadhesivesurfaceareasofmouthparts.
Preface ix
Chapter 11 outlines the evolution of mouthparts in Neuroptera. This chapter
compareslarvalandadultmouthpartsincontextwithfeedingstrategiesindifferent
lineages,aswellasthedevelopmentalreorganizationinthepupalstage.
Chapter 12 compiles the current knowledge of the mouthparts of beetles. This
includes recent findings on the form and function in larva and adults and a recon-
structionoftheevolutionofthecharactersysteminthemegadiverseColeoptera.
Chapter 13 is devoted to the mouthparts of anthophilous Coleoptera that have
beenrarelystudiedindetail.Thischapterpresentsanoverviewofpreviouslystudied
examplesandcompilesdataonthefloralassociationsofthesebeetles.
Chapter 14 summarizes the available information on the evolutionary morphol-
ogy of the mouthparts of Vespidae. These insects illustrate the adaptations of
mouthparts to various tasks such as nest construction, hunting, and feeding on
various food sources including nectar feeding with greatly elongated proboscises
thatareplaced incontextwiththeevolution ofvariouslifestylesofwasps,suchas
eusociality.
Chapter 15 emphasizes nectar-feeding insects that evolved extreme proboscis
lengthsasadaptationstodeep-tubedflowers.Thischaptercomparesthemorphology
and evolution of the feeding apparatus in orchid bees, hawk moths and butterflies,
and some brachyceran flies with proboscis length that exceeds the body length by
far.Thiscontributionliststherecordednectarhostplants ofinsectswith verylong
proboscises.
Chapter 16 deals with the peculiar development of stylets inside the head of
Hemipteraduringintermoltperiodsandassemblyintoafunctionalpiercing–sucking
bundleduringecdysis.Theseimportantbutpoorlyknownphenomenaarediscussed
basedonliteratureandnewobservations.
Chapter 17 summarizes the fossil record of insect mouthparts. It presents the
evolutionoffeedingstrategiesandfunctionalmouthpartclassesandprovidesinfer-
encesontheoriginofmajorevolutionaryeventsinmouthpartevolution.
Onbehalfofalltheauthors,Ihopethecontributionsofthisbookwillstimulate
furtherresearchrelatedtothevarioussubjectsexploredinthesechapters.
The editoris thankful toall theauthors who have contributed excellentarticles.
Thisbookreliedonthecontributionsofmanyscientistswithexpertknowledgefrom
arangeofdisciplinesinadditiontoentomology,suchasevolutionarymorphology,
hydrobiology,developmentalgenetics,biophysics,systematics,functionalmorphol-
ogy,insectecology,insectphysiology,andpaleobiology.Iamgratefulandhonored
by the positive collaboration with all authors over the past year. The interest and
enthusiasm they have shown in working on this book has encouraged me in this
undertaking.
Iacknowledgeallthosewhohavemadephotosavailable,andallpublisherswho
haveprovidedthecopyrightsforfiguresfromalreadypublishedarticles.Thanksto
Julia Bauder, Florian Karolyi, and Norbert Milasowszki who helped edit manu-
scripts and to all the colleagues who contributed during the review process by
reading draft manuscripts and providing valuable comments. Special thanks go to
mywifeBarbara-AminaGereben-Krenn,whoisalsoanentomologist,hasprovided
mewithlovingencouragementandsupport,andhashelpededitmanyofthearticles.
x Preface
Iwouldalsoliketoacknowledgetherector,oftheUniversityofVienna,HeinzW.
Englwhoreducedmyteachingdutiesover6months,whichenabledmetofocuson
editingthisbook.
Especially,IwishtothankSpringerPublisherfortheirendorsementtoproducea
bookonmouthpartsofinsects.Ihopethatthisvolumewillbeanimportantreference
inthefutureandwillfosterresearchoninsectmouthpartsandfeeding.
Vienna,Austria HaraldW.Krenn
May2019