Innovative materials and methods for water treatment : solutions for arsenic and chromium removal

484 Pages·2015·34.72 MB·English

by  Marek Bryjak

2 Series: Sustainable Water Developments 2
Bryjak
Kabay
Increasing demand for potable and irrigation water, calls for the use of alternative resources by
Rivas
water suppliers. Either they have to regenerate wastewater or deal with contaminated surface
water. This book brings together the experience of experts in the preparation of innovative Bundschuh
materials that are selective for arsenic and chromium removal, and describes the development
of innovative processes for extraction of these elements from water. The book is divided into
three parts. The fi rst one shows the effect of arsenic and chromium ions on living organisms.
The second presents studies on the preparation of innovative materials with improved affi nity
towards arsenic as well as chromium. The third part deals with innovative methods for removal
I
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of these toxic elements, with special attention paid to chromatographic, membrane, and hybrid
n
systems. The book is the fi rst ever scientifi c work addressed to two most harmful elements o
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appearing in water and provides a comprehensive review of materials and methods useful for a
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improving water quality and making the water safe. Detailed discussions can be found on the i
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various fabrication techniques for sorbents and membranes that are now commercially available e

or appear in an advanced development stage and will be commercialized in the next decades. M
Some of the technologies described in the third part will be implemented at the industrial a
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scale in the future as well. This book is of particular interest to engineers and decision-makers
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responsible for production and delivery of safe water, students and researchers in the area of a
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water treatment and re-use. s

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The book series addresses novel techniques and measures related to sustainable water de- t
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velopments with an interdisciplinary focus on different fi elds of water resources assessment o
and management, freshwater production, water and wastewater treatment and wastewater d
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reuse as well as water-effi cient technologies and water-saving measures. Particular attention is f
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paid to the role of water issues within the water-energy-food-public health-ecosystem-climate r

nexus. W
Water and wastewater industries are rapidly growing sectors providing signifi cant opportunities a
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for investments. This applies especially to those industries using sustainable water and e
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wastewater technologies, which are increasingly favored. T
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The series of books constitutes an information source and facilitator for the transfer of e
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knowledge, focusing on practical solutions and better understanding. It is aimed at academics, t
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manufacturers and consultants, and professionals from governmental and non-governmental
e Innovative Materials and
organizations, international funding agencies, public health, policy, regulatory and other n
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relevant institutions, as well as the wider public, and targets communities and industries both
great and small.
Methods for Water Treatment
The series includes books authored and edited by world-renowned scientists and engineers as
well as by leading authorities in economics and politics. Women are particularly encouraged to
contribute, either as author or editor.
Solutions for Arsenic and Chromium Removal
SERIES EDITOR: Jochen Bundschuh
Editors:
Marek Bryjak, Nalan Kabay, Bernabé L. Rivas & Jochen Bundschuh
an informa business
INNOVATIVEMATERIALSANDMETHODSFORWATERTREATMENT:
SOLUTIONSFORARSENICANDCHROMIUMREMOVAL
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Sustainable Water Developments
Resources, Management, Treatment,
Efficiency and Reuse
Series Editor
Jochen Bundschuh
UniversityofSouthernQueensland(USQ),Toowoomba,Australia
RoyalInstituteofTechnology(KTH),Stockholm,Sweden
ISSN:2373-7506
Volume 2
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Innovative Materials and Methods
for Water Treatment: Solutions
for Arsenic and Chromium Removal
Editors
MarekBryjak
PolymerandCarbonMaterialsDepartment,FacultyofChemistry,
WrocławUniversityofTechnology,Wrocław,Poland
NalanKabay
ChemicalEngineeringDepartment,FacultyofEngineering,EgeUniversity,Izmir,Turkey
BernabéL.Rivas
PolymerDepartment,UniversityofConcepción,Concepción,Chile
JochenBundschuh
DeputyViceChancellor’sOffice(ResearchandInnovation)&FacultyofHealth,
EngineeringandSciences&InternationalCentreforAppliedClimate
Sciences,UniversityofSouthernQueensland,Toowoomba,Australia
Coverphoto
ThephotographshowspartofanarsenicadsorptionsystemlocatedinsouthernArizona.The
systembecameoperationalinlate2009andiscapableoftreatingawaterflowofupto2000
gallonsperminute(about454cubicmetersperhour).Thewellwaterissplitintotwoseparate,
equalstreams,eachofwhichpassesthroughtwoarsenicadsorptionbedsarrangedinalead-lag
configuration.Eachbedcontains375cubicfeet(about10.6cubicmeters)ofmediawhich
equatestoacontacttimeof2.8minutespervesselatfullflow.ThephotoiscourtesyofDr.Paul
Sylvester.
CRCPress/BalkemaisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness
©2016Taylor&FrancisGroup,London,UK
TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India
PrintedandBoundinTheNetherlandsbyPrintSupport4U,Meppel
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationortheinformationcontainedhereinmaybe
reproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,
mechanical,byphotocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutwrittenpriorpermissionfrom
thepublishers.
Althoughallcareistakentoensureintegrityandthequalityofthispublicationandthe
informationherein,noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublishersnortheauthorforany
damagetothepropertyorpersonsasaresultofoperationoruseofthispublicationand/or
theinformationcontainedherein.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Innovativematerialsandmethodsforwatertreatment:solutionsforarsenicandchromium
removal/editors,MarekBryjak,WrocławUniversityofTechnology,Wrocław,Poland,Nalan
Kabay,EgeUniversity,Izmir,Turkey,BernabéL.Rivas,UniversityofConcepción,Concepción,
Chile,JochenBundschuh,UniversityofSouthernQueensland,DeputyViceChancellor’sOffice
(ResearchandInnovation)&FacultyofHealth,EngineeringandSciences,Toowoomba,
Australia&RoyalInstituteofTechnology(KTH),Stockholm,Sweden.
pagescm.–(Sustainablewaterdevelopments;volume2)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-138-02749-7(hardcover:alk.paper)–ISBN978-1-315-68260-0
(ebook:alk.paper) 1. Water–Purification–Arsenicremoval.
2. Water–Purification–Chromiumremoval. I. Bryjak,Marek.
TD427.A77I553 2015
628.1(cid:1)6836–dc23
2015021341
Publishedby: CRCPress/Balkema
P.O.Box11320,2301EHLeiden,TheNetherlands
e-mail:[email protected]
www.crcpress.com–www.taylorandfrancis.com
ISBN:978-1-138-02749-7(Hardback)
ISBN:978-1-315-68260-0(eBookPDF)
About the book series
Augmentation of freshwater supply and better sanitation are two of the world’s most pressing
challenges.However,suchimprovementsmustbedoneeconomicallyinanenvironmentallyand
societallysustainableway.
Increasingly,groundwater–thesourcethatismuchlargerthansurfacewaterandwhichprovides
astablesupplythroughalltheseasons–isusedforfreshwatersupply,whichisexploitedfromever-
deeper groundwater resources. However, the availability of groundwater in sufficient quantity
andgoodqualityisseverelyimpactedbytheincreasedwaterdemandforindustrialproduction,
cooling in energy production, public water supply and in particular agricultural use, which at
presentconsumesonaglobalscaleabout70%oftheexploitedfreshwaterresources.Inaddition,
climate change may have a positive or negative impact on freshwater availability, but which
oneispresentlyunknown.Thesedevelopmentsresultinacontinuouslyincreasingwaterstress,
as has already been observed in several world regions and which has adverse implications for
the security of food, water and energy supplies, the severity of which will further increase in
future.Thisdemandscase-specificmitigationandadaptationpathways, whichrequireabetter
assessmentandunderstandingofsurfacewaterandgroundwatersystemsandhowtheyinteract
withaviewtoimprovetheirprotectionandtheireffectiveandsustainablemanagement.
Withthecurrentandanticipatedincreasedfuturefreshwaterdemand,itisincreasinglydifficult
to sustain freshwater supply security without producing freshwater from contaminated, brack-
ishorsalinewaterandreusingagricultural,industrial,andmunicipalwastewaterafteradequate
treatment,whichextendsthelifecycleofwaterandisbeneficialnotonlytotheenvironmentbut
alsoleadstocostreduction.Watertreatment,particularlydesalination,requireslargeamountsof
energy,makingenergy-efficientoptionsanduseofrenewableenergiesimportant.Thetechnolo-
gies,whichcaneitherbesophisticatedorsimple,usephysical,chemicalandbiologicalprocesses
forwaterandwastewatertreatment,toproducefreshwaterofadesiredquality.Bothindustrial-
scaleapproachesandsmaller-scaleapplicationsareimportantbutneedadifferenttechnological
approach. In particular, low-tech, cost-effective, but at the same time sustainable water and
wastewatertreatmentsystems,suchasartificialwetlandsorwastewatergardens,areoptionssuit-
ableformanysmall-scaleapplications.Technologicalimprovementsandfindingnewapproaches
toconventionaltechnologies(e.g.thoseofseawaterdesalination),anddevelopmentofinnovative
processes, approaches, andmethodstoimprovewaterandwastewatertreatmentandsanitation
areneeded. Improvingeconomic, environmentalandsocietalsustainabilityneedsresearchand
developmenttoimproveprocessdesign, operation, performance, automationandmanagement
ofwaterandwastewatersystemsconsideringaims,andlocalconditions.
Inallfreshwaterconsumingsectors,theincreasingwaterscarcityandcorrespondinglyincreas-
ingcostsoffreshwater,callsforashifttowardsmorewaterefficiencyandwatersavings.Inthe
industrial and agricultural sector, it also includes the development of technologies that reduce
contaminationoffreshwaterresources,e.g.throughdevelopmentofachemical-freeagriculture.
Inthedomesticsector,thereareplentyofoptionsforfreshwatersavingandimprovingefficiency
suchaswater-efficienttoilets,water-freetoilets,oron-siterecyclingforusessuchastoiletflush-
ing,whichalonecouldprovideanestimated30%reductioninwaterusefortheaveragehousehold.
Asalreadymentioned,inallwater-consumingsectors,therecyclingandreuseoftherespective
wastewatercanprovideanimportantfreshwatersource.However,therateatwhichthesewater
efficienttechnologiesandwater-savingapplicationsaredevelopedandadopteddependsonthe
behaviorofindividualconsumersandrequiresfavorablepolitical,policyandfinancialconditions.
vii
viii Aboutthebookseries
Duetotheinterdependencyofwaterandenergy(water-energynexus); i.e. waterproduction
needsenergy(e.g.forgroundwaterpumping)andenergygenerationneedswater(e.g.forcooling),
themanagementofbothcommoditiesshouldbemorecoordinated.Thisrequiresintegratedenergy
andwaterplanning,i.e.managementofbothcommoditiesinawell-coordinatedformratherthan
managingwaterandenergyseparatelyasisroutineatpresent.Onlysuchintegratedmanagement
allowsreducingtrade-offsbetweenwaterandenergyuse.
However, water is not just linked to energy, but must be considered within the whole of the
water-energy-food-ecosystem-climatenexus.Thisrequiresconsiderationofwhataplannedwater
development requires from the other sectors or how it affects – positively or negatively – the
other sectors. Such integrated management of water and the other interlinked resources can
implementsynergies,reducetrade-offs,optimizeresourcesuseandmanagementefficiency,all
in all improving security of water, energy, and food security and contributing to protection of
ecosystemsandclimate.Correspondingactions,policiesandregulationsthatsupportsuchintegral
approaches, as well as corresponding research, training and teaching are necessary for their
implementation.
Thefactthatinmanydevelopingandtransitioncountrieswomenaredisproportionatelydis-
advantaged by water and sanitation limitation requires special attention to this aspect in these
countries. Women (including schoolgirls) often spend several hours a day fetching water.This
timecouldbemuchbetterusedforattendingschoolorworkingtoimproveknowledgeandskills
aswellastogenerateincomeandsotoreducegenderinequalityandpoverty.Absenceofin-door
sanitaryfacilitiesexposeswomentopotentialharassment.Moreover,missingsingle-sexsanita-
tionfacilitiesinschoolsandabsenceofcleanwatercontributestodiseases.Thisiswhywomenand
girlsareacriticalfactorinsolvingwaterandsanitationproblemsinthesecountriesandnecessi-
tatesthatmenandwomenworksidebysidetoaddressthewaterandwastewaterrelatedoperations
forimprovementofeconomic,socialandsustainablefreshwaterprovisionandsanitation.
Individualvolumespublishedintheseriesspanthewidespectrumbetweenresearch,develop-
mentandpracticeinthetopicoffreshwaterandrelatedareassuchasgenderandsocialaspects
aswellaspolicy,regulatory,legalandeconomicaspectsofwater.Theseriescoversallfieldsand
facetsinoptimalapproachestothe:
• Assessment,protection,developmentandsustainablemanagementofgroundwaterandsurface
waterresourcestherebyoptimizingtheiruse.
• Improvementofhumanaccesstowaterresourcesinadequatequantityandgoodquality.
• Meeting of the increasing demand for drinking water, and irrigation water needed for food
andenergysecurity,protectionofecosystemsandclimateandcontributiontoasociallyand
economicallysoundhumandevelopment.
• Treatmentofwaterandwastewateralsoincludingitsreuse.
• Implementationofwaterefficienttechnologiesandwatersavingmeasures.
Akeygoaloftheseriesistoincludeallcountriesoftheglobeinjointlyaddressingthechallenges
ofwatersecurityandsanitation.Therefore,weaimforabalancedselectionofauthorsandeditors
originating from developing and developed countries as well as for gender equality. This will
helpsocietytoprovideaccesstofreshwaterresourcesinadequatequantityandofgoodquality,
meetingtheincreasingdemandfordrinkingwater, domesticwaterandirrigationwaterneeded
forfoodsecuritywhilecontributingtosociallyandeconomicallysounddevelopment.
Thisbookseriesaimstobecomeastate-of-the-artresourceforabroadgroupofreadersinclud-
ingprofessionals,academicsandstudentsdealingwithgroundandsurfacewaterresources,their
assessment,exploitationandmanagementaswellasthewaterandwastewaterindustry.Thiscom-
prisesespeciallyhydrogeologists,hydrologists,waterresourcesengineers,wastewaterengineers,
chemicalengineersandenvironmentalengineersandscientists.
Thebookseriesprovidesasourceofvaluableinformationonsurfacewaterbutespeciallyon
aquifers and groundwater resources in all their facets. As such, it covers not only the scien-
tific and technical aspects but also environmental, legal, policy, economic, social, and gender
Aboutthebookseries ix
aspects of groundwater resources management. Without departing from the larger framework
ofintegratedgroundwaterresourcesmanagement, thetopicsarecenteredonwater, soluteand
heat transport in aquifers, hydrogeochemical processes in aquifers, contamination, protection,
resourcesassessmentanduse.
The book series constitutes an information source and facilitator for the transfer of knowl-
edge,bothforsmallcommunitieswithdecentralizedwatersupplyandsanitationaswellaslarge
industriesthatemployhundredsorthousandsofprofessionalsincountriesworldwide,working
in the different fields of freshwater production, wastewater treatment and water reuse as well
asthoseconcernedwithwaterefficienttechnologiesandwatersavingmeasures. Incontrastto
manyotherindustries,sufferingfromtheglobaleconomicdownturn,waterandwastewaterindus-
triesarerapidlygrowingsectorsprovidingsignificantopportunitiesforinvestments.Thisapplies
especiallytothoseusingsustainablewaterandwastewatertechnologies,whichareincreasingly
favored. The series is also aimed at communities, manufacturers and consultants as well as a
rangeofstakeholdersandprofessionalsfromgovernmentalandnon-governmentalorganizations,
internationalfundingagencies, publichealth, policy, regulatingandotherrelevantinstitutions,
and the broader public. It is designed to increase awareness of water resources protection and
understanding of sustainable water and wastewater solutions including the promotion of water
andwastewaterreuseandwatersavings.
Byconsolidatinginternationalresearchandtechnicalresults,theobjectiveofthisbookseries
istofocusonpracticalsolutionsinbetterunderstandinggroundwaterandsurfacewatersystems,
theimplementationofsustainablewaterandwastewatertreatmentandwaterreuseandtheimple-
mentationofwaterefficienttechnologiesandwatersavingmeasures.Failingtoimproveandmove
forwardwouldhaveserioussocial,environmentalandeconomicimpactsonaglobalscale.
Thebookseriesincludesbooksauthoredandeditedbyworld-renownedscientistsandengineers
and by leading authorities in economics and politics. Women are particularly encouraged to
contribute,eitherasauthororeditor.
JochenBundschuh
(SeriesEditor)