Innovative Biofibers from Renewable Resources

425 Pages·2015·16.118 MB·English

by  Narendra Reddy, Yiqi Yang

Narendra Reddy · Yiqi Yang
Innovative
Biofi bers from
Renewable
Resources
Innovative Biofibers from Renewable
Resources
ThiSisaFMBlankPage
Narendra Reddy (cid:129) Yiqi Yang
Innovative Biofibers from
Renewable Resources
NarendraReddy YiqiYang
CentreforEmergingTechnologies DepartmentofTextiles,Merchandisingand
JainUniversity FashionDesign
Bangalore UniversityofNebraska-Lincoln
India Lincoln,NE,USA
ISBN978-3-662-45135-9 ISBN978-3-662-45136-6(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-662-45136-6
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014957175
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2015
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Preface
Sustaining the demand for raw materials to meet the needs of future generations
will be one of the most challenging tasks for human kind. In addition, complying
with the increasingstringent internationalprotocolsrelatedto climate change and
exploiting of natural resources will also increase the burden on the supply of raw
materials and production of commodities. Future conflicts within and between
nations are more likely to be on owning or sharing of natural resources rather
than ideological differences or technological prowess. Meeting the three basic
necessities, food, clothing, and shelter, will be a challenge to the future leaders,
especially in the overpopulated and developing countries. Rapid urbanization and
consequential decrease in the availability of land and other resources required for
agriculturalproductionwillputtremendousburdenontheavailabilityoffood,fuel,
fibers, and other basic commodities. The price and availability of fibers produced
from petroleum resources that currently are predominant over natural fibers will
also be in question due to depleting sources of fossil fuels. Since fuel needs have
priorityoverfiberproduction,itwillbeimperativetofindalternativesourcesofraw
materialsforfiberproduction.
Maximizing the use of natural resources, reducing consumption, and recycling
aresomeofthepossibleapproachestomeetthefuturedemandsforfibers,textiles,
and other commodities. Agricultural production inevitably generates by-products
(residues) such as stovers and straws that currently have limited applications.
Similarly, processing of cereal grains generates coproducts containing proteins
and carbohydrates that are mostly used for low-value applications such as animal
feed. These agricultural by-products and coproducts could be used to produce
fibers, thereby eliminating the need for dedicated fiber crops that require land,
water, and other natural resources. These agricultural by-products and coproducts
are renewable and biodegradable. Materials developed using these resources will
therefore be more environmentally friendly than growing natural fibers or
manufacturingfibersfrompetroleum.Similartodevelopingfibersfromagricultural
by-products and coproducts, other sources such as nontraditional silk worms,
microorganisms, and bio- and nanotechnology could be used to develop fibers
andreduce/eliminatetheneedfordedicatedfibercropsorpetroleumresources.
v
vi Preface
This book is an effort to present the potential, structure, properties, and
applicationsoffibersthatarederivedfromunconventionalsources.Theinnovative
biofibers described in this book are not only derived from renewable and sustain-
ableresourcesbutalsodonotneedexclusiveland,water,orothernaturalresources.
Althoughitwouldbequite futuristictothinkofreplacing naturalcellulosicfibers
suchascotton,proteinfiberssuchassilk,andsyntheticfiberssuchaspolyester,this
book provides insights into potential addition to these fibers. We hopethat textile
professionalsandacademicswillfindthisbookusefulandattempttodevelopand
usetheinnovativefibersinthenearfuture.
Narendra Reddy expresses his sincere thanks to the University of Nebraska-
Lincoln and the Center for Emerging Technologies at Jain University. Yiqi
YangthanksYiqiYangthankstheUniversityofNebraska-Lincolnanditsagricul-
tural research division, and the United States Department of Agriculture for their
supporttocompletethiswork.
Bangalore,India NarendraReddy
Lincoln,Nebraska,USA YiqiYang
July,2014
Contents
PartI NaturalCelluloseFibersfromRenewableResources
1 IntroductiontoNaturalCelluloseFibersfromRenewable
Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 NaturalCelluloseFibersfromCornStover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3 WheatandRiceStrawFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4 FibersfromSorghumStemsandLeaves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5 FibersfromCottonStalks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6 FibersfromPalmTrees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7 FibersfromBananaPseudo-Stems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8 FibersfromSugarcaneBagasse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9 CoconutHuskFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
10 PineappleFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
10.1 ExtractingFibersfromPineapplePlantResidues. . . . . . . . . . . 35
10.2 ProcessingofPineappleLeafFibers. .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. 38
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
11 FibersfromSwitchgrass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
12 FibersfromHopStems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
vii
viii Contents
13 BambooFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
14 OtherLignocellulosicSources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
PartII RegeneratedCelluloseFibers
15 IntroductiontoRegeneratedCelluloseFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
16 FiberProductionUsingAlkaliSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
17 TheNaOH/UreaSystemsofProducingRegeneratedCellulose
Fibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
18 TheN-Methylmorpholine-N-Oxide(NMMO)Process
ofProducingRegeneratedFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
18.1 LimitationsoftheLyocellProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
18.1.1 FibrillationofLyocellFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
18.1.2 ToxicityoftheSolventSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
19 ProductionofCelluloseFibersUsingIonicLiquids. . . . . . . . . . . . 73
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
20 RegeneratedCelluloseFibersfromDirectDissolution
ofBiomass. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . 79
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
21 RegeneratedCelluloseFibersUsingUnconventional
CellulosicSources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
22 MulticomponentSystemsforCelluloseDissolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
PartIII Chitin,Chitosan,andAlginateFibers
23 IntroductiontoChitin,Chitosan,andAlginateFibers. . . . . . . . . . 93
24 ChitinFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
25 ChitosanFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
25.1 ProductionofChitosanFibersbyDrySpinning. . . . . . . . . . . . 100
25.2 ProductionofChitosanFibersUsingIonicLiquids. . . . . . . . . . 101
Contents ix
25.3 ProductionofFibersfromModifiedand/orBlends
ofChitosan. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . 103
25.4 Cross-LinkingChitosanFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
26 ApplicationsofChitosanFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
26.1 ChitosanFibersforControlledReleaseApplications. . . . . . . . . 111
26.2 ChitosanFibersasScaffoldsforTissueEngineering. . . . . . . . . 113
26.3 ChitosanFibersasSensorsandActuators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
27 HollowChitosanFibers.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 123
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
28 AlginateFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
29 Alginate–ChitosanBlendFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
30 AlginateBlendswithOtherPolysaccharides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
31 AdditivestoImprovePerformanceofAlginateFibers. . . . . . . . . . 139
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
32 AntifungalandAntiflammablePropertiesofAlginateFibers. . . . . 147
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
33 MicrofluidicSpinningofAlginateFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
PartIV NaturalProteinFibers
34 IntroductiontoNaturalProteinFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
35 StructureofSilk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
36 Non-mulberrySilkFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
37 ColoredCocoonsThroughBiotechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
38 ArtificialBiospinningofSilkwormSilks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
39 UniqueSilkFibersfromWeaverAnts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181