Table Of ContentBIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND MEDICINE
I B -P
NNOVATIVE IO RODUCTS
A
FOR GRICULTURE
A E P
LGAL XTRACTS IN RODUCTS
H , A
FOR UMANS NIMALS
P
AND LANTS
No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or
by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no
expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No
liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information
contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in
rendering legal, medical or any other professional services.
B A ,
IOTECHNOLOGY IN GRICULTURE
I M
NDUSTRY AND EDICINE
Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website
under the Series tab.
Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website
under the e-book tab.
BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND MEDICINE
I B -P
NNOVATIVE IO RODUCTS
A
FOR GRICULTURE
A E P
LGAL XTRACTS IN RODUCTS
H , A
FOR UMANS NIMALS
P
AND LANTS
KATARZYNA CHOJNACKA AND
IZABELA MICHALAK
EDITORS
New York
Copyright © 2016 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form
or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without
the written permission of the Publisher.
We have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to make it easy for you to obtain permissions to reuse content
from this publication. Simply navigate to this publication’s page on Nova’s website and locate the “Get Permission”
button below the title description. This button is linked directly to the title’s permission page on copyright.com.
Alternatively, you can visit copyright.com and search by title, ISBN, or ISSN.
For further questions about using the service on copyright.com, please contact:
Copyright Clearance Center
Phone: +1-(978) 750-8400 Fax: +1-(978) 750-4470 E-mail: [email protected].
NOTICE TO THE READER
The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty
of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or
consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not
be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of,
or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is
claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works.
Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In
addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising
from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication.
This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter
covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other
professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be
sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE
AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS.
Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Chojnacka, Katarzyna, editor. | Michalak, Izabela, editor.
Title: Innovative bio-products for agriculture : algal extracts in products
for humans, animals and plants / editors, Katarzyna Chojnacka and Izabela
Michalak (Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland).
Description: Hauppauge, New York : Nova Science Publisher's, Inc., [2016] |
Series: Biotechnology in agriculture, industry and medicine | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016024101 (print) | LCCN 2016031358 (ebook) | ISBN
9781634855587 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781634855723 (ebook) | ISBN
9781634855723 ()
Subjects: LCSH: Marine algae--Utilization.
Classification: LCC QK567 .I56 2016 (print) | LCC QK567 (ebook) | DDC
579.8/177--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016024101
Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York
CONTENTS
Preface vii
Chapter 1 Innovative Technology of Algal Extracts Obtained
by Supercritical Fluid Extraction Useful in the
Products for Plants, Animals and Human 1
Izabela Michalak and Katarzyna Chojnacka
Chapter 2 Extraction Studies of Spirulina platensis Using ASE
and SFE Methods 29
Agnieszka Dobrzyńska-Inger, Dorota Kostrzewa
and Edward Rój
Chapter 3 The Analysis of Technical and Economic (TEA)
Aspects of Natural Raw Materials Extraction with
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide 43
Kazimierz Kozłowski, Edward Rój, Agnieszka
Dobrzyńska-Inger and Dorota Kostrzewa
Chapter 4 Identification of Biologically Active Compounds and
Assessment of Commercial Properties of Algal
Extracts as Cosmetic Ingredients 73
Grzegorz Schroeder, Beata Messyasz
and Bogusława Łęska
Chapter 5 Biologically Active Compounds in Algae and
Their Application in Plant Growth Stimulation 101
Bogusława Górka, Karolina Kucab, Jacek Lipok
and Piotr P Wieczorek
vi Contents
Chapter 6 The Algae Biomass in Animal Production 129
Marita Świniarska, Mariusz Korczyński,
Sebastian Opaliński, Zbigniew Dobrzański,
Anita Baron, Maria Chrzanowska and
Łukasz Bobak
Editors' Contact Information 155
Index 157
PREFACE
The aim of this book is to highlight the utilization of algae for the
development of useful products using environmentally friendly technologies
such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and accelerated solvent extraction
(ASE). Each chapter is a collection of comprehensive information on the
present research on algae in different applications. The primary emphasis of
this book however, is concerned with the products used for agriculture. Algal
extracts were presented in this book also as a biologically active component
that adds value to products for humans (cosmetics), animals (pro-health
supplements) and plants (plant growth biostimulants).
Chapter 1 - In the present chapter, supercritical fluid extraction of seaweed
collected from the Baltic Sea (Polysiphonia, Ulva and Cladophora) and
microalga Spirulina (Arthrospira) was described. This novel extraction
technique was discussed in terms of the isolation from the algal biomass of
antioxidants (e.g., polyphenols), lipids (including polyunsaturated fatty acids),
elements (micro-, macro- and toxic elelemnts), as well as plant growth
hormones. On the basis of the composition of the obtained extract, their
potential applications were proposed. Supercritical algal extracts can constitute
a component of the products for plants (biostimulants of plant growth),
animals (feed additives) and for human (cosmetics, diet supplement,
pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals). This wide application is possible due to the
character of the extract – it is free of the organic solvents, which are
commonly used in the clasical solvent extrcation.
Chapter 2 - Spirulina platensis was extracted using supercritical fluid
extraction and accelerated solvent extraction. The two extraction techniques
were compared using different solvents. SFE was performed in the laboratory
scale using carbon dioxide as solvent. The response surface methodology
viii Katarzyna Chojnacka and Izabela Michalak
(RSM) was applied to evaluate the effect of three independent variables:
temperature (40-60°C), pressure (35-65 MPa) and extraction time (45-135
min) on the total extraction yield. The relationship between the yield and the
process variables was determined by a second order poly-nominal equation.
Comparing the yields of the three extraction methods it was established
that the highest yield value was reached by ASE with acetone, but the
extraction yield with supercritical carbon dioxide was higher than yield by
ASE with hexane.
Chapter 3 - It is a well-known fact that the primary objective of any
business and production activity of every entrepreneurship is effective
management which covers its current needs and ensures constant development.
Regular technical-economic analyses (TEA) of current and forecast activity
with a special regard to the changing conditions and TEA of new undertakings
referring to new products, services and investments are necessary to ensure
effective management. Only simplified methods of specifying technical cost of
producing some of the extracts and optimizing some of extract parameters can
be found in the available literature, however, there is no complex presentation
of a simple method of carrying out TEA. This paper presents the method of
carrying out TEA, which is a basic method of the evaluation of economic
efficiency regarding the production of a well-known or new extract,
processing a well-known or new raw material in current of forecast conditions
and in the existing of new plant, taking into account:
the level and technical structure of manufacturing the product
and/or processing the raw material,
the specification of influence of particular parameters on the
level and technical structure of the cost of manufacturing the
product and processing the raw material.
The result of TEA may be one of the major criteria to be used for the cost
estimation of extraction process in the existing plant and for taking up a
decision regarding the advisability of the construction of a new plant and its
size.
The other objective of TEA is to specify and take into account all the cost
factors connected with extraction process, which prevents accidental mistakes
and contributes to lower extraction costs.
Chapter 4 - From among the variety of materials used as cosmetic
ingredients, algae have become increasingly popular. Extracts from a single
species of freshwater macroalgae ensure higher reproducibility of biologically
Preface ix
active substances than the extract from mixtures of marine macroalgae, which
each time vary in species composition. The composition and quantity of
organic compounds derived from freshwater macroalgae (mostly from
Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kütz.) depends mainly on: the quality of raw
materials, the degree of fragmentation of the algal biomass, the method and
time of extraction and preservation and protection of extract. The diversity of
effects of algae extracts have stimulated their use in different types of
cosmetics such as face creams, body lotions, make-up, lotions, toners, masks,
cosmetics ultraviolet filters, bath products, hair care preparations, anti- type
aging, moisturizing, anti-acne, anti-inflammatory, anti-cellulite, anti-bacterial
and others. Macroalgae can be used as an additive to cosmetics in micronized
form or as extracts. Prior to application cosmetics must be subjected to
mandatory tests and optionally to additional tests. The mandatory tests include
dermatological tests, application, durability test and safety assessment.
According to the conditions of testing the test methods are also divided into in
vitro, ex vivo and in vivo ones. The in vitro assays are performed at the initial
phase of testing of cosmetic products and include studies of biological
processes in artificial conditions, outside living organisms. The ex vivo tests
rely on the assessment of the performance of components and finished
cosmetics on human skin in laboratory. The most important studies before the
appearance a new cosmetic product on the market are application tests (in
vivo) on human skin. They allow determination of the activity of the product in
the most effective and reliable way.
Chapter 5 - In recent years the bioactive substances of natural origin
gained more and more interest. Among such substances, the compounds
isolated from microalgae and seaweeds, mainly the polyphenols,
polysaccharides, plant hormones, pigments and fatty acids, an find an
application in many industries, particularly in medicine, pharmaceutics,
cosmetics and agriculture.
Biostimulants from seaweeds have been used and manufactured for years,
giving confirmation of its effectiveness in field trials, enhancing the growth of
crops giving better yields. Nowadays, the legislation processes are more
difficult and intricate, so it is harder to register new products. Everyone put
more attention on the answers for the questions like: how does it really work,
what is the actual active component, is it single substance or a group of them,
what is the concentration of these compounds in the seaweed extract. So,
basically the scientific proof is needed in order to verify the final product and
fulfill the requirements in law regulations. Strongly developed these days
