Table Of ContentAdvances in Science, Technology & Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development
Federica Rosso · Donato Morea ·
Didit Okta Pribadi Editors
Innovations
in Green Urbanization
and Alternative
Renewable Energy
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable
Development
Editorial Board
Anna Laura Pisello, Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Italy
Dean Hawkes, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Hocine Bougdah, University for the Creative Arts, Farnham, UK
Federica Rosso, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Hassan Abdalla, University of East London, London, UK
Sofia-Natalia Boemi, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Nabil Mohareb, Faculty of Architecture - Design and Built Environment,
Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
Saleh Mesbah Elkaffas, Arab Academy for Science, Technology, Egypt
Emmanuel Bozonnet, University of la Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
Gloria Pignatta, University of Perugia, Italy
Yasser Mahgoub, Qatar University, Qatar
Luciano De Bonis, University of Molise, Italy
Stella Kostopoulou, Regional and Tourism Development, University of Thessaloniki,
Thessaloniki, Greece
Biswajeet Pradhan, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney,
Sydney, Australia
Md. Abdul Mannan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia
Chaham Alalouch, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Iman O. Gawad, Helwan University, Egypt
Anand Nayyar , Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
Series Editor
Mourad Amer, International Experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange
(IEREK), Cairo, Egypt
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (ASTI) is a series of peer-reviewed books
based on important emerging research that redefines the current disciplinary boundaries in
science, technology and innovation (STI) in order to develop integrated concepts for
sustainable development. It not only discusses the progress made towards securing more
resources, allocating smarter solutions, and rebalancing the relationship between nature and
people, but also provides in-depth insights from comprehensive research that addresses the
17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) as set out by the UN for 2030.
The series draws on the best research papers from various IEREK and other international
conferences to promote the creation and development of viable solutions for a sustainable
future and a positive societal transformation with the help of integrated and innovative
science-based approaches. Including interdisciplinary contributions, it presents innovative
approaches and highlights how they can best support both economic and sustainable
development, through better use of data, more effective institutions, and global, local and
individual action, for the welfare of all societies.
The series particularly features conceptual and empirical contributions from various
interrelated fields of science, technology and innovation, with an emphasis on digital
transformation,thatfocusonprovidingpracticalsolutionstoensurefood,waterandenergy
securitytoachievetheSDGs.Italsopresentsnewcasestudiesofferingconcreteexamplesof
how to resolve sustainable urbanization and environmental issues in different regions of the
world.
Theseriesisintendedforprofessionalsinresearchandteaching,consultanciesandindustry,
and government and international organizations. Published in collaboration with IEREK, the
Springer ASTI series will acquaint readers with essential new studies in STI for sustainable
development.
ASTI series has now been accepted for Scopus (September 2020). All content published
in this series will start appearing on the Scopus site in early 2021.
Federica Rosso (cid:129) Donato Morea (cid:129)
Didit Okta Pribadi
Editors
Innovations in Green
Urbanization and Alternative
Renewable Energy
123
Editors
Federica Rosso Donato Morea
Department ofCivil, Construction Department ofMechanical
andEnvironmental Engineering Chemical andMaterials Engineering
Sapienza University of Rome University of Cagliari
Rome, Italy Cagliari, Italy
Didit OktaPribadi
Research Centerfor Plant
ConservationandBotanic Gardens
IndonesianInstitute ofSciences
Bali,Indonesia
ISSN 2522-8714 ISSN 2522-8722 (electronic)
Advances in Science, Technology &Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development
ISBN978-3-031-07380-9 ISBN978-3-031-07381-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07381-6
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageand
retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafter
developed.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot
imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand
regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelieved
tobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,
expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional
affiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
fi
Scienti c Committee
Adriana Ciardiello, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Asfaw Mohamed Ibrahim, Hawassa University, Ethiopia
Chao Xu, Dongguan University of Technology, China
Chiara Acciarini, Luiss University of Rome, Italy
Didit Okta Pribadi, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
Donato Morea, University of Cagliari, Italy
Federica Rosso, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Fernando Borelli, Luiss University of Rome, Italy
Fikri Zul Fahmi, Bandung Institute of Technologt (ITB), Indonesia
Francesco Cappa, Campus Bio-Medico University & LUISS Guido Carli University, Italy
Fuad Nurdiansyah, Jambi University, Indonesia
Galuh Syahbana Indraprahasta, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Indonesia
Rico Hübner, Technical University of Munich, Germany
Rieke Hansen, Geisenheim University, Germany
Simona Fortunati, University of Tuscia, Italy
Simona Mannucci, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Siti Nurisyah, Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), Indonesia
Stefano Elia, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Stefano Franco, LUISS Guido Carli University, Italy
Stephan Pauleit, Technical University of Munich, Germany
Viviana D’Angelo, LUISS Guido Carli University, Italy
Werner Rolf, Technical University of Munich, Germany
Yared Girma, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
v
Preface
Nowadays, energy consumptions and related emissions in the field of building and con-
structionshavebeenprovedtohaveanimportantrolewithrespecttoglobalconsumptionsand
emissions(IEA2021).Thisisespeciallyrelevantinurbanareas,whereemissionsfromtraffic
and energy usage in buildings are particularly strong. In 2018, the building sector accounted
for the 28% of the total energy-related CO emissions (IEA 2019), demonstrating its crucial
2
role in the energy quest for a low carbon environment. Such a role requires that strategies
towardsthemitigationofenergyconsumptionsandrelatedemissionsinthebuiltenvironment
are encouraged, studied, developed and monitored.
Even the Sustainable DevelopmentGoals(SDGs) (UN 2015),whichare atthe core ofthe
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in
2015,callforactiontosolveGrandChallenges,suchasclimatechangeandglobalhealthand
wellbeing.Inthisview,thequestforalternativeandrenewableenergyishighlightedascrucial
inmore than one SDG.In greater detail,Goal 7isfocusedon“ensuringaccess toaffordable,
reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all”, as almost one third of the world population
use dangerous and inefficient energy sources, while millions lack access to electricity.
Therefore,asmodernrenewableenergyandenergyefficiencyareamongthesuggestedmeans
toreachthisgoal.Othergoals,wherethequestforalternativeandrenewableenergyiscrucial,
among other strategies, are Goal 11, which calls for “inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
cities and human settlements”; and Goal 13, which urges to “take action to combat climate
change and its impacts”. Green solutions for resilient and more just cities are among the
possible solutions for achieving Goal 7, 11 and 13.
Theherepresentedbookrespondstothecall,bycontributingtoadvancethestate-of-the-art
in the field of energy in the built environment and more resilient cities. The book gathers the
mostrelevantcontributionsderivingfromtheAREQConference,“AlternativeandRenewable
Energy Quest” Conference and the GU “Green Urbanism” Conference, as the two topics are
deeplyentangled.Thesectionsofthebookareorganizedwithrespecttospecifictopics.First,
strategies for future cities are illustrated. In this section, circular and green strategies for
constructionsandurbanplanning,aswellassmartcitiesarediscussed.Then,inPart2,green
urbanism is specifically targeted: resilient public spaces, transportation policies, strategic and
environmentally-consciousplanningareanalyzed.Finally,inPart3,aspecificfocusonenergy
solutionsisachieved.Renewables,energyrecoveryandpassivestrategiesforreducingenergy
consumptions are analyzed and discussed.
Thus,thisvolumeprovidesvaluableinsightswithrespecttodifferentstrategies,atdifferent
scales, towards the quest for alternative and renewable energy strategies. The content of this
book could be of interest for policymakers, professionals in the field of energy and built
environment,aswellasresearchersworkinginthefieldofurbanplanning,urbanandbuilding
energy solutions.
Rome, Italy Federica Rosso, Ph.D.
Chair of AREQ 2020
Editor of ASTI Springer
vii
viii Preface
References
IEAInternationalEnergyAgency,WorldEnergyOutlook2021—revisedversionOctober2021,2021.
IEAInternationalEnergyAgency,PerspectivesforCleanEnergyTransition.TheCriticalRoleofBuildings.,
2019.
UnitedNations,UnitedNations(2015),Transformingourworld:the2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,
(n.d.). https://sdgs.un.org/publications/transforming-our-world-2030-agenda-sustainable-development-17981
(accessedJanuary22,2021).
Acknowledgements
Wewouldliketothanktheauthorsoftheresearchpapersthatwereselectedforadditiontothis
book. We would also like to thank the reviewers who contributed with their knowledge and
constructive feedback in hopes of ensuring the manuscript is of the best quality possible.
A special thank goes to the Editors of this book for their foresight in organizing this volume
and diligence in doing a professional job in editing it. Finally, we would like to express our
appreciation to the IEREK team for supporting the publication of the best research papers
submitted to the conference.
ix
Introduction
Cities have become key areas in achieving sustainability as they contain almost 60% of the
world population (Cox 2021) and play a major role in the global economic growth (Acuto,
et al. 2018; World Bank 2020). Both have led to enlarging ecological footprint as well as
waste and emission production (Acutoetal.2018; Zinkernagel, etal.2018), which gradually
change the global landscape in terms of economy, social and environment. Increasing pop-
ulation coupled with economic prosperity has pushed urbanites’ consumption of natural
resources and waste disposal to nature. Through the time, cities’ growth that increasingly
threatenedtheenvironmenthasrisenaconcernaboutsustainability.Collapsinganycityinthe
worldwillbringseriousimpactsonlifeascitiesareconnectedgloballyandbecominghubsof
regionalandlocalsocioeconomicnetwork.Itcanbeunderstoodthatcurrentlysustainablecity
has been established as one of the SDG’s (Sustainable Development Goals) targets.
Fortunately, cities are places where knowledge and innovation are developed (Adler &
Florida 2021). Many universities, research centres, companies and high-rank government are
locatedhereandcommonlytheyhavehigherfinancialsupportaswellassufficientauthorityto
make apolicydecision. Itisexpectedthatnewconcepts,knowledge andtechnologies canbe
developedandimplemented incitiestocopewithvarioussustainability issues. Thisbecomes
greatchallenges forscholars,academician, evenpractitioners indeveloping urbandesignand
planning to meet the SDG’s target of sustainable cities.
Thisbookisoneoftheeffortstodevelopalternativesforaddressingsustainabilityissuesin
cities from different parts of the world. We can learn from the experiences of different cities
which are facing different challenges due to their specific characteristics in geographics,
environment, histories, economics, social and cultures. Their responses to global issues such
asclimatechanges,riskdisaster,etc.aredifferent,thus wecanlearnfromeachothertobuild
collaborative works that have considered the connectivity of global-regional-local initiatives
and actions.
This book is divided into three different parts. The first part is given a title “Green and
Urban Planning for Future Cities” and this contains five chapters. These chapters discussed
new approaches to achieve sustainability through building design, land use planning and
autonomoustechnologydevelopment.Thefirsttwochaptersdiscussedaboutthedevelopment
of eco-buildingor green building. The first chapterexplained initiatives for developing green
buildings in Bangladesh that mainly done in the tourism sector. This sector is deemed as a
suitable sector as such kind of building can increase hospitality and attract tourists from
abroad. While the second chapter developed indicators and sub-indicators of public building
zone considering the circular economy concept. The next chapter discussed about zoning
policyinthepast,whichcontributedtoretainingmorecomplicatedurbanizationbygreenzone
establishment.Thus,takingnecessaryactionstoestablishgreenspacesatpresentiscrucialfor
thefuturecitydevelopment.Thefourthchapterdiscussedaboutfuturetechnologies,especially
autonomous vehicles, that imply to the changes of urban form and urban planning.
Unreadinesstofacetechnologicaltransformationwillhampertheirapplicationinthecity.The
last chapter explained about urban transportation where converting car-oriented development
xi
