Innate Immune System of Skin and Oral Mucosa: Properties and Impact in Pharmaceutics, Cosmetics, and Personal Care Products

351 Pages·2011·62.54 MB·English

by  Nava Dayan, Philip W. Wertz

INNATE IMMUNE
SYSTEM OF SKIN
AND ORAL MUCOSA
INNATE IMMUNE
SYSTEM OF SKIN
AND ORAL MUCOSA
Properties and Impact in
Pharmaceutics, Cosmetics, and
Personal Care Products
NAVA DAYAN AND PHILIP W. WERTZ
Copyright Ó 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Innate immune system of skin and oral mucosa : properties and impact in
pharmaceutics, cosmetics, and personal care products / [edited] by Nava Dayan,
Philip W. Wertz.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-470-43777-3 (cloth)
1. Skin–Immunology. 2. Natural immunity. 3. Mouth–Immunology. 4. Oral
mucosa. 5. Dermatologic agents–Immunology. 6. Cosmetics–Immunology. 7.
Toilet preparations–Immunology. I. Dayan, Nava. II. Wertz, Philip W.
[DNLM: 1. Skin–immunology. 2. Cosmetics–adverse effects. 3. Immunity,
Innate–drug effects. 4. Mouth Mucosa–immunology. 5. Pharmaceutical
Preparations–adverse effects. WR 102]
RL97.I56 2011
0
616.5 079–dc22
2010045237
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Preface ix
Contributors xi
PART I
OVERVIEW OF SKIN AND MUCOSAL INNATE IMMUNITY:
HISTORY, ETHICS, AND SCIENCE
CHAPTER 1 GERM FREE: HYGIENE HISTORY AND CONSUMING
ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTISEPTIC PRODUCTS 3
Jennifer Tebbe-Grossman and Martha N. Gardner
CHAPTER 2 ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES IN FORMULATING, MARKETING,
AND USING ANTIMICROBIAL PERSONAL PRODUCTS 43
Kenneth A. Richman
CHAPTER 3 ROLE OF STRATUM CORNEUM IN PERMEABILITY BARRIER
FUNCTION AND ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE 59
Peter M. Elias
PART II
ANTIMICROBIAL LIPIDS AND PEPTIDES
CHAPTER 4 ANTIMICROBIAL LIPIDS OF THE SKIN AND ORAL MUCOSA 75
Kim A. Brogden, David R. Drake, Deborah V. Dawson,
Jennifer R. Hill, Carol L. Bratt, and Philip W. Wertz
CHAPTER 5 RESIDENT MICROFLORA AND ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES OF SKIN 83
Shamim A. Ansari
CHAPTER 6 DEFENSINS 109
Neelam Muizzudin
CHAPTER 7 ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES OF SKIN AND ORAL MUCOSA 117
Whasun O. Chung and Henrik Dommisch
v
vi CONTENTS
CHAPTER 8 VERNIX CASEOSA AND INNATE IMMUNITY 145
Steven B. Hoath, Vivek Narendran, and Marty O. Visscher
PART III
HOST CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF INNATE IMMUNITY
CHAPTER 9 SENTINEL ROLE OF MAST CELLS IN INNATE IMMUNITY 173
Zhenping Wang and Anna Di Nardo
CHAPTER 10 CELLULAR IMMUNITY OF THE SKIN: LANGERHANS CELLS AND
DENDRITIC CELLS 195
Karen E. Burke and Niroshana Anandasabapathy
PART IV
INNATE IMMUNITY RESPONSE TO STRESS AND AGING
CHAPTER 11 CHANGES IN SKIN IMMUNITY WITH
AGE AND DISEASE 217
Barbara Geusens, Ilse Mollet, Chris D. Anderson, Sarah Terras,
Michael S. Roberts, and Jo Lambert
CHAPTER 12 EPIDERMIS AS A SHIELD FROM RADIATION AND
OXIDATIVE STRESS 259
Giuseppe Valacchi
CHAPTER 13 THE IMPACT ON THE SKIN’S INNATE IMMUNITY
BY COSMETIC PRODUCTS APPLIED
TO THE SKIN AND SCALP 275
Rudranath Persaud and Thomas Re
CHAPTER 14 UV-INDUCED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION OF SKIN 281
Roger L. McMullen
PART V
INNATE IMMUNITY MICROBIAL CHALLENGES
CHAPTER 15 DERANGED ANTIMICROBIAL BARRIER IN ATOPIC DERMATITIS:
ROLES OF SPHINGOSINE, HEXADECENOIC ACID, AND
BETA-DEFENSINE-2 307
Gengi Imokawa
CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER 16 RESIDENT MICROFLORA OF THE SKIN AND ORAL MUCOSA 325
David R. Drake
CHAPTER 17 CORYNEBACTERIUM SPECIES AND THEIR ROLE IN THE
GENERATION OF HUMAN MALODOR 333
Carol L. Bratt and Nava Dayan
Index 351
PREFACE
Innate immunity is the ancient first line of protection against potentialmicrobial or viral
environmental insult. This insult and response to it can be modified by various
environmental factors including pollution, radiation, or chemicals. Innate immunity is
inherent to thenaturalbiologicalmakeupof theorganismanddoesnotdependuponprior
exposure to specific antigens. The fact that it requires no memory to respond is both an
advantage and a limitation. It is composed of the physiological and anatomical barriers,
mechanical removalofinvaders,beneficialflora,enzymes, lowpH,avarietyof lipidsand
peptides, and a number of cells that respond quickly, specifically butwithout the needof
prior acquiredmemory. In recent years, scientists and research groups around theworld
started unraveling a few of the key components of the innate immunity in skin, oral
mucosa, and other body surfaces or openings. Yet, there is no book that compiles this
valuable information inoneedition.The importanceof this compilation lies inproviding
an overview of the available scientific findings, so one can acquire a general idea of the
knowncomponentsof this system. Itmayprovideakey to theunderstandingofunsolved
disorders.PartIofthisbookpresentsanoverviewemphasizingmechanismsforcontrolof
bacteria at the skin surface. This includes historical and ethical aspects of skin cleaning
products.Over thepastdecade, there has beenagreat dealof interest in the antimicrobial
peptidesandtheirroles in innate immunityoftheskinandoralmucosa,andmorerecently
antimicrobial lipids have received some attention. Part II of the book includes chapters
discussing antimicrobial peptides and lipids in innate immunity of skin and mucosa.
Part III deals with cellular components of innate immunity and the link between innate
and adaptive immunity. Part IV deals with stressors that can influence innate immunity.
These include radiation and oxidative stress, cosmetic formulations, and aging. Finally,
microbial challenges are discussed in Part V.
We hope this book will be of use to people working in the areas of dermatology,
oral pathology, cosmetics, personal care, and pharmaceutics. It is especially hoped
that it will stimulate thought leading to discussion and further research. It is felt that
this book can serve as a valuable introduction to newcomers and a useful reference for
more established investigators.
The contributors to this book were carefully selected as experts in their areas.
They come from different disciplines in academia and industry. Working with them
was a pleasure and a learning experience andwe thank them sincerely.We also extend
our appreciation to the publishers of this book for their patience, understanding, and
cooperation.
We hope that you enjoy and benefit from this edition.
Nava Dayan
Philip W. Wertz
ix
CONTRIBUTORS
NiroshanaAnandasabapathy, Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology,
The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
Chris D. Anderson, Department of Dermatology, Linko€ping University, Linkoping,
Sweden
Shamim A. Ansari, Colgate-Palmolive Co., Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ
Carol L. Bratt, Dows Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Kim A. Brogden, Dows Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Karen E. Burke, Department of Dermatology, Mt. Sinai Medical Center, New York,
NY
Whasun O. Chung, Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA
Deborah V. Dawson, Dows Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Nava Dayan, Lipo Chemicals Inc., Paterson, NJ
Anna Di Nardo, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, CA
Henrik Dommisch, Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA; Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry,
University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
DavidR.Drake,Dows Institute forDentalResearch,University of Iowa, IowaCity, IA
Peter M. Elias, Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco
Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center,
San Francisco, CA
Martha N. Gardner, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,
Boston, MA
Barbara Geusens, Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent,
Belgium
Jennifer R. Hill, Dows Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Steven B. Hoath, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of
Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Skin Sciences
Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
xi
xii CONTRIBUTORS
Genji Imokawa, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of
Technology, Tokyo, Japan
Jo Lambert, Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent,
Belgium
Roger L. McMullen, International Specialty Products, Wayne, NJ
IlseMollet, Department ofDermatology, Ghent UniversityHospital, Ghent, Belgium
Neelam Muizzuddin, Estee Lauder Companies and SUNY Stony Brook, Melville,
NY
Vivek Narendran, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of
Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Skin Sciences
Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
Rudranath Persaud, Safety Evaluation, L’Oreal USA, Inc., Clark, NJ
Thomas Re, Safety Evaluation, L’Oreal USA, Inc., Clark, NJ
Kenneth A. Richman, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,
Boston, MA
Michael S. Roberts, Therapeutics Research Centre, Department of Medicine,
Southern Clinical Division, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of
Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia; School of Pharmacy &Medical Sciences,
University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia
Jennifer Tebbe-Grossman, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health
Sciences, Boston, MA
Sarah Terras, Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent,
Belgium
Giuseppe Valacchi, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Siena, Siena,
Italy
Marty O. Visscher, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of
Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Skin Sciences
Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
Zhenping Wang, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, CA
Philip W. Wertz, Dows Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Figure 1.2 Listerine was not originally a mouthwash, instead it was used to wash hands in
both the hospital and home. This 1930 advertisement for Listerine advocates mothers washing
their hands in “undiluted” Listerine before bathing or feeding the baby in order to kill harmful
germs [80]. Courtesy of Johnson and Johnson.