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INHERITANCEOFRESISTANCETOXANTHOMONASCAMPESTRISPV. PRUNIINSTEMSANDLEAVESOFJAPANESE-TYPEPLUMSFROM FOURBREEDINGPOPULATIONS By BRUCELEONARDTOPP ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA 1992 UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDALIBRARIES ThisisdedicatedtomywifeThirleywhoseldommakeslifeeasy,butalways makesitworthwhile,tomychildrenMatthew,Keenan,NyssaandLachlanof whomIamalwaysproud,andtomyparentswhotaughtmethemostimportant thingsIknow. Aboveallelse,IthankGodforhislove. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IexpressmysincerethankstoDr.WayneShermanforhisguidance, encouragementandfriendship,andforsharingwithmehisenthusiasmandskills infruitbreeding. Heisatruegentleman. IthankDr.PaulLyreneformany hoursofcosmopolitandiscussionaboutgenetics,evolution,andeverythingelse. I alsothankDr.RobertStall,Dr.GloriaMoore,Dr.KenQuesenberry,Dr.Charles Wilcox,Dr.TimWhite,Dr.GaryHodge,Mr.DudleyHuber,Mr.SteveLindaand Mr.JerryMinsavagefortheiradviceandsuggestionsconcerningmyresearch,and forthegenerositywithwhichtheyhavegiventheirtime. IthankDr.DickOkieandDr.DavidRammingwhogenerouslyprovided germplasmfromtheirbreedingprograms,andMr.DougalRussellwhosentmany parcelsfromAustralia. FinancialsupportfromtheQueenslandDepartmentof PrimaryIndustriesandmoralsupportofMr.RobinBarkeareappreciated. MyfamilyandIleftAustraliawithsometrepidationbuthavebeen overwhelmedwiththegenerosityandhelpfulnessofthemanynewfriendswehave madeintheUnitedStates. Wewillmiss'youall'andhopeyoucanvisitus sometimesoon. iii TABLEOFCONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii ABSTRACT vii CHAPTERS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 LITERATUREREVIEW 3 SymptomsandEtiologyof BacterialSpotonPlum 3 ResistancetoX.campestris pv.pruniinPrunus 5 EstimationofQuantitative GeneticParameters 7 3 COMPARISONOFGREENHOUSEMETHODSFOR ASSESSINGRESISTANCETOBACTERIAL SPOTINPLUMLEAF 11 Introduction 11 MaterialsandMethods 12 ResultsandDiscussion 16 SummaryandConclusions 21 iv 4 ANALYSISOFBACTERIALSPOTRESISTANCE INLEAVESANDSTEMSOFPLUMCLONES FROMFOURBREEDINGPROGRAMS 31 Introduction 31 MaterialsandMethods 32 ResultsandDiscussion 36 SummaryandConclusions 41 5 HERITABILITYOFLEAFANDSTEM RESISTANCETOXANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRISPV.PRUNIINA DIVERSEPOPULATIONOF JAPANESEPLUM 58 Introduction 58 MaterialsandMethods 59 ResultsandDiscussion 64 SummaryandConclusions 70 6 COMBININGABILITIESOFFIVE JAPANESEPLUMCULTIVARSFOR RESISTANCETOXANTHOMONAS STEMCANKER 82 Introduction 82 MaterialsandMethods 83 ResultsandDiscussion 85 SummaryandConclusions 90 7 GROWTHOFXANTHOMONASCAMPESTRIS PV.PRUNIINRESISTANTVERSUS SUSCEPTIBLEJAPANESEPLUM CLONES 100 Introduction 100 MaterialsandMethods 101 ResultsandDiscussion 104 SummaryandConclusions 109 V 8 SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONS 119 LITERATURECITED 123 BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 131 - vi AbstractofDissertationPresentedtotheGraduateSchool oftheUniversityofFloridainPartialFulfillmentofthe RequirementsfortheDegreeofDoctorofPhilosophy INHERITANCEOFRESISTANCETOXANTHOMONASCAMPESTRISPV. PRUNIINSTEMSANDLEAVESOFJAPANESE-TYPEPLUMSFROM FOURBREEDINGPOPULATIONS By BruceLeonardTopp May,1992 Chairman:WayneB.Sherman MajorDepartment:HorticulturalScience(FruitCrops) TheinheritanceofresistancetoXanthomonascampestrispv.pruniinleaves andstemsofJapaneseplum(Prunussalicina)wasstudiedusinghalf-sibfamilies andtheirclonalseedparentssampledfromplumbreedingprogramsatCalifornia, Georgia,Florida,andQueensland. Parenttreesandhalf-sibseedlingswere evaluatedfortwoyearsinadiseasenurseryafterartificialinoculationandnatural spreadofdisease. Populationsfromthefourbreedingprogramsdifferedinlevel ofdiseaseresistance. Georgiagermplasmwasmostresistantaveraging24.2spots perleafand13.3mmcankers,andCaliforniagermplasmwasmostsusceptible vii averaging42.5spotsperleafand21.1mmcankers. Broadsenseheritabilities (HB)wereestimatedfromresistancemeasurementsofgraftedrametsofparent clones. Forindividualyears,theHBwerebetween0.3and0.6forgeneralleafand stemresistance,butfromacombined-yearsanalysistheHBwere0.331 ±0.053for numberofspotsperleaf,0.206±0.047forleafspotseverityrating,0.350±0.054 forcankerlength,and0.371±0.054forcankerappearancerating. ThelowerHB forcombinedyearswasduetogenotypexyearinteractionwhichwashigherfor leafresistancetraitsthanforstemresistancetraits. Narrowsenseheritabilities(h2)wereestimatedbyhalf-sibfamilyvariance componentanalysisforcombinedyearsas0.128±0.030fornumberofspotsper leaf,0.248±0.051forleafspotseverityrating,0.438±0.068forcankerlength, and0.359±0.062forcankerappearancerating. Themoderateh2forstem cankertraitsindicatestherewillbeadequategainusingrecurrentmassselection. Geneticcorrelationswerehigh(0.6to0.8)betweenleafspotandstemcanker resistancetraitsindicatingtherearecommongenescontrollingthesetraits. Indirectselectionforleafspotresistanceviaselectionforcankerresistancewould beaneconomicalmethodofimprovingbothtraits. Bacterialpopulationsincreasedtohighlevelsinleaves(108cfu/cm2ofleaf) andstems(107cfu/10mmstempiece)ofsusceptibleclones. Resistancetostem cankerscanbeefficientlyscreenedbyinoculationofstemswith108cfu/ml viii inoculumandmeasurementofcankerlengthafter6weeks. Resistancetoleaf spotthatisassociatedwithreducedbacteriallevelscanbeeffectivelyscreenedby leafinfiltrationwith106cfu/mlinoculumandbacterialpopulationcountsafter20 days. ix CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION BacterialspotincitedbyXanthomonascampestrispv.pruni(Smith)Dyeisa majordiseaseofJapaneseplum(PrimussalicinaL.)inmanyworldlocations (Anderson,1956). Symptomsofthediseaseoccurasangularspotsonleaves,as greasylesionswhichcrackanddevelopintocankersonstems,andasstarcracks onfruit(Heaton,1983). Controlofthediseaseonleaves,stems,andfruitsis necessaryforeconomicalproductionofplumsinlocationsofhighdiseaseinci- dence. Chemicalcontrolofbacterialspotisineffective,andrestrictionson chemicalapplicationtofruittreesareincreasingsothatbreedingresistantplum genotypesisconsideredthebestmethodofdiseasecontrol(Heaton,1983; Matthee,1968). Fruitbreedersrequireinformationonscreeningmethods,inheri- tanceofresistancetraits,andapopulationwithadequategeneticvariationto efficientlyselectfordiseaseresistance. Fieldevaluationoftreebreeding germplasmisexpensiveduetolargeplantsize(Hansche, 1983). Fieldscreening fordiseaseresistanceusingnaturalinfectioncanbeunreliableduetovariation betweenyearsandlocations. Itisimportanttohavereliableartificialinoculation andratingproceduresforuseingreenhouseandfield. Studiesofbacterial 1

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142 Pages·1992·4.6 MB·English

by Topp, Bruce Leonard

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