Table Of ContentInfrared
Spectroscopy
Pan Stanford Series on Renewable Energy — Volume 2
Infrared
Spectroscopy
James M. Thompson
editors
Preben Maegaard
Anna Krenz
Wolfgang Palz
The Rise of Modern Wind Energy
Wind Power
for the World
November14,2017 9:20 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Infrared-Spectroscopy-Prelims
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InfraredSpectroscopy
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ISBN978-981-4774-78-9(Hardback)
ISBN978-1-351-20603-7(eBook)
November14,2017 9:20 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Infrared-Spectroscopy-Prelims
Tomydaughter,Christine
November14,2017 9:20 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Infrared-Spectroscopy-Prelims
November14,2017 9:20 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Infrared-Spectroscopy-Prelims
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1 SomeFundamentalsofInfraredSpectroscopy 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 TheEnergyofElectromagneticRadiation 2
1.3 InformationThatMayBeObtainedfromtheAnalysis
ofInfraredSpectra 4
1.4 ComparisonTechniques 5
1.5 FundamentalVibrations 7
1.5.1 StretchingVibrations 8
1.5.2 BendingVibrations 8
1.6 Non-FundamentalVibrations 10
1.7 PredictingtheNumberofFundamentalVibrations 11
1.8 TheForceConstant 13
1.9 SomeTheoreticalConcepts 15
1.10 BasicSamplePreparation 19
1.10.1 GaseousSamples 19
1.10.2 Non-VolatileLiquids 19
1.10.3 VolatileLiquids 21
1.10.4 SolidSamples 22
1.11 OtherSamplingTechniques 27
1.12 SomeSuggestionsandCommentsonthe
InterpretationofInfraredSpectra 28
2 TheAnalysisofInfraredSpectra 35
2.1 Hydrocarbons(StraightChain) 35
2.2 Hydrocarbons(BranchedChain) 37
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viii Contents
2.3 Hydrocarbons(Cyclic) 39
2.4 Alkenes 40
2.5 Alkynes 43
2.6 Ethers(Alkyl–Alkyl) 44
2.7 Ethers(Aryl–Alkyl) 46
2.8 AliphaticHalides 47
2.9 Amines 47
2.10 KetonesandAldehydes 50
2.11 Alcohols 56
2.12 OrganicAcids 59
2.13 AcidHalides 61
2.14 Amides 61
2.15 Esters 64
2.16 Lactones 64
2.17 Anhydrides 65
2.18 Nitriles 68
2.19 AromaticHydrocarbons 70
2.20 SaltsofCarboxylicAcid 75
2.21 TheEffectsofChelationontheCarbonyl
Absorption 76
2.22 Phosphines,Phosphites,Phosphonatesand
Phosphates 78
2.23 ThioalcoholsandThiophenols 80
2.24 Silanes 83
2.25 Boranes 83
2.26 Sulfones,Sulfates,SulfonicAcids(andTheirSalts),
SulfitesandSulfoxides 85
2.26.1 Sulfones 86
2.26.2 Sulfates 86
2.26.3 SulfonicAcids(andTheirSalts) 87
2.26.4 Sulfites 87
2.26.5 Sulfoxides 88
3 Techniques,Innovations,andApplicationsinInfrared
Spectroscopy 89
3.1 AdvancesinInfraredSpectroscopy 89
3.2 FastFourierTransform(FFT) 90
3.3 TheMichelsonInterferometer 90
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Contents ix
3.4 TheFTIRMicroscopeandMicrosampling
Techniques 92
3.5 ReflectiveSpectra 95
3.6 SpecularorExternalReflectance 96
3.7 GrazingIncidenceReflectance 97
3.8 Reflective–AbsorptionSpectra 98
3.9 Diffuse-ReflectanceSpectra 98
3.10 AttenuatedTotalReflectance(ATR) 100
3.11 TheoryoftheATRCell 101
3.12 QuantitativeInfraredAnalysis 104
3.13 CombinedThermogravimetricAnalysisand
FTIR(TG/FTIR) 104
3.14 TheTG/FTIRInterface 108
3.15 GC/MS,GC/FTIRandGC/MS/FTIR 109
3.16 TheGC/MSandGC/FTIRInterfaces 111
4 ProblemsinInfraredSpectroscopy 113
SuggestedReadingsandReferences 161
Appendix 167
A.1 InfraredGroupFrequencies(cm−1) 167
A.1.1 InfraredSolvents 167
A.1.2 BandsRelatedtoSamplePreparation 167
A.2 GeneralInfraredAssignments 168
A.3 CarbonylAbsorptions 168
A.3.1 Ketones(AllStrongAbsorptions) 168
A.3.2 α,β-Unsaturated,CyclicKetones(cm−1) 168
A.3.3 Aldehydes(AllStrongAbsorptions) 169
A.3.4 CarboxylicAcids(AllStrongAbsorptions)
(cm−1) 169
A.3.5 Amides 169
A.3.5.1 CarbonylVibrations(AmideIBand,
AllStrong)(cm−1) 169
A.3.5.2 N–HStretchingVibration
(AllMedium) 169
A.3.6 N–HDeformation(AmideIIBand,AllStrong) 170
A.3.7 EstersCarbonyl(AllStrong) 170
Description:It is estimated that there are about 10 million organic chemicals known, and about 100,000 new organic compounds are produced each year. Some of these new chemicals are made in the laboratory and some are isolated from natural products. The structural determination of these compounds is the job of t
