Table Of ContentINFRARED SPACE INTERFEROMETRY:
ASTROPHYSICS & THE STUDY OF EARTH-LIKE PLANETS
ASTROPHYSICS AND
SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY
VOLUME 215
Executive Committee
w. B. BURTON, Sterrewacht, Leiden, The Netherlands
J. M. E. KUIJPERS, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
E. P. J. V AN DEN HEUVEL, Astronomical Institute, University ofA msterdam,
The Netherlands
H. VANDER LAAN, Astronomical Institute, University of Utrecht,
The Netherlands
Editorial Board
I. APPENZELLER, Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Konigstuhl, Germany
J. N. BAHCALL, The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, U.SA.
F. BERTOLA, Universita di Padova, Italy
W. B. BURTON, Sterrewacht, Leiden, The Netherlands
J. P. CASSINELLI, University ofW isconsin, Madison, U.S.A.
C. J. CESARSKY, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
o. ENGVOLD, Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Norway
J. M. E. KUIJPERS, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
R. McCRAY, University of Colorado, JILA, Boulder, U.S.A.
P. G. MURDIN, Royal Greenwich Observatory, Cambridge, U.K.
F. PACINI, Istituto Astronomia Arcetri, Firenze, Italy
V. RADHAKRISHNAN, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India
F. H. SHU, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A.
B. V. SOMOV, Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Russia
R. A. SUNYA EV, Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
S. TREMAINE, CITA, University of Toronto, Canada
Y. TANAKA, Institute of Space & Astronautical Science, Kanagawa, Japan
E. P. J. V AN DEN HEUVEL, Astronomical Institute, University ofA msterdam,
The Netherlands
H. VANDER LAAN, Astronomical Institute, University of Utrecht,
The Netherlands
N. O. WEISS, University of Cambridge, U.K.
INFRARED SPACE
INTERFEROMETRY:
ASTROPHYSICS & THE STUDY
OF EARTH-LIKE PLANETS
Proceedings of a Workshop held in Toledo, Spain,
March 11-14, 1996
Edited by
C.EIROA
Universidtul Aut6noma de Madrid, Spain
A.ALBERD1
JTl.Jtituto de Astrojlsica de Andaluda, eSIC, GranatkJ, Spain
and Laboratorio de Astrojlsica Espaciaf y Fisica Fundamental, INTA,
Madrid, Spain
H. TIlRONSON
NASA Headquarters, Washington D.C., U.SA.
and University ojWyoming, Physics Departmem. Laramie, Wyoming, USA.
T.DEGRAAUW
Space Research Organisation Netherlands. Groningen, The NetherIo.nds
and
C. J. SCHALINSKI
Institute 0/ Space Sensor Techrwfogy, DLR, Berlin, Germany
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 978-94-010-6300-5 ISBN 978-94-011-5468-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-5468-0
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1997
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1997
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Scientific Case
A.P. BOSS - The formation of planetary systems (invited) 3
S.K. DUNKIN, M.J. BARLOW and S.G. RYAN - High resolution spec-
troscopy of Vega-like stars 9
T. ENCRENAZ - Infrared observations of planetary atmospheres
(invited) 13
R FERLET - Detection of planets via microlensing (invited) 25
O. FISCHER and W. PFAU - Detection of planetary spectral features
through circumstellar dust: a montecarlo simulation 31
T. GUILLOT, M.S. MARLEY, D. SAUMON .and RS. FREEDMAN -
Evolution and spectra of extrasolar giant planets (invited) 37
A. LEGER - Life signatures on exoplanets (invited) 47
R LISEAU and P. ARTYMOWICZ - Molecular gas production in the
fJ-Pictoris disk 55
E.L. MARTIN, H. DEEG, M. CHEVRETON, J. SCHNEIDER, L.
DOYLE, J. JENKINS, E. PALAIOLOGOU and W. LEE - Planets
in CM-Draconis: a multi-site photometric search 59
M. MAYOR and D. QUELOZ - Epicurus was right: other worlds exist!
(invited) 63
B. MENNESSON - Array configurations to detect and characterize
extrasolar planets with a space infrared interferometer 71
A. NATTA and H. BUTNER - Resolving disks in YSOs (invited) 77
F. PARESCE - Ground-based optical/IR long baseline interferometry
(invited) 85
vi
A. QUIRRENBACH - Infrared interferometry with the VLTI 97
A. QUIRRENBACH and A. ECKART - Imaging with a space-based
infrared interferometer (invited) 101
G.M. VOlT - Infrared interferometry of active galaxies (invited) 109
C. WAELKENS and L.B.F.M. WATERS - Dusty disks around main
sequence stars (invited) 119
D. DE WINTER, C.A. GRADY, M.R PEREZ, M.E. VAN DEN ANCK-
ER, P.S. THE and A.N. ROSTOPCHINA - Comet-like bodies around
the Herbig Ae star BF Ori 129
D.H. WOODEN - Stellar death: ejecta and circumstellar matter
(invited) 133
2. Instrumental and Technical Cases
P.Y. BELY - Kilometric baseline space interferometry (invited) 149
RP. BLAKE and B.W. JONES - The measurement of directional
radiative properties with applications to passively cooled space
telescopes 157
K. BRIESS, C.J. SCHALINSKI, H.P. ROSER and I. WALTER-
Concepts for a precursor space interferometry mission with a
microsatellite 163
O.CITTERIO and G. PARODI - Light weight SiC foamed mirror for
telescope to be operated in space 169
D.R COULTER and S.A. MACENKA - Recent advances in cryogenic
optics technology for space infrared telescope and interferometer sys-
tems (invited) 173
J. GAY, Y. RABBIA and C. MANGHINI - Interfero-coronagraphy
using pupil 7l"-rotation 187
vii
A. GLINDEMANN, S. BECKWITH, H. JOERCK, C.J. SCHALINSKI,
S. ROSER and E. SCHILBACH - ASIX: the ASTRO-SPAS interfer-
ometer experiment 191
T.G. HAWARDEN - Passive cooling of infrared interferometers in space
(invited) 195
U. JOHANN, K. DANZMANN, C.J. SCHALINSKI and R. SESSEL-
MANN - FLITE: free-flyer laser interferometer technology exper-
iment 205
C. MACCONE - Advances in satellite data compression and noise-
filtering by virtue of parallel computing 213
J.M. MARIOTTI - Design of infrared space interferometers
(invited) 219
J. MATHER - The next generation space telescope (NGST) 227
G. PERRIN, V. COUDE DU FORESTO, J.-M. MARIOTTI, S.T.
RIDGWAY, N.P. CARLETON and W.TRAUB - High accuracy optical
visibilities on long baselines: first results and prospects 233
J. ROGERS - The COAST project (invited) 241
D.G. SANDLER - Prospects for direct imaging from the ground
(invited) 247
F. SCARAMUZZI - Active cooling systems (invited) 255
M. SHAO, S. UNWIN, A. BODEN, D. VAN BUREN and S. KULKA-
RNI - Space interferometry mission (invited) 267
H. SHIBAI - The infrared imaging surveyor (IRIS) project 279
N.J. WOOLF - Planet finder options II (invited) 283
N.J. WOOLF, J.R.P. ANGEL and J.M. BURGE - Planet finder options
III (invited) 295
T. DE GRAAUW - Workshop Summary (invited) 309
Vlll
Subject Index 315
Object Index 319
Author Index 321
FOREWORD
The past year has produced some of the most exciting results in
the history of astronomy, particularly in the area of planets outside
our solar system. Only a half-year before our meeting in Toledo, Spain,
the first unambiguous detection of planet-sized masses orbiting main
sequence stars were reported. Since that time, evidence for a new exo-
planet has been reported almost at the rate of about once per month.
Some of these objects are likely to turn out to be very low-mass stars,
but something like half show characteristics - Jupiter-like mass and
near-zero orbital eccentricity - which appear to be unique to planets.
Almost at the same time that giant planets were being discovered
regularly, the two major space agencies, ESA and NASA, have iden-
tified searches for and detailed study of Earth-like planets as a major
priority for the future. In ESA's "Horizon 2000 Plus" programme, an
infrared interferometer has been proposed as a possible future Cor-
nerstone mission. Similarly, scientists in the US produced the "Road
Map for the Exploration of Neighboring Planetary Systems (ExNPS)",
which provided NASA with a long-term plan which leads also to an
infrared interferometer in space to study hypothetical Earth-like worlds
beyond our Solar System. Such an observatory is designed to search for
the thermal emission from a family of planets, using interferometric
nulling to remove the contaminating light from the central star. The
residual planetary light would be analyzed for the telltale signatures
of molecules of water, carbon dioxide, and ozone. The presence of such
molecules would be strong evidence for life on the planet.
The search for planets outside the Solar System is important also to
the average citizen, who supports scientific exploration through taxes.
All the participants at this meeting have had the experience of speaking
with interested schoolchildren, of being stopped in buses or subways,
or talking with a stranger in a long airline trip when the subject of
astronomy comes up. In addition to the usual topics of black holes and
quasars, over the past year our fellow citizens have become increasingly
fascinated by the possibility of finding other worlds ... and other life ..
. beyond the Earth. Over the centuries, scientists have had to respond
our curious fellow citizens by merely stating that perhaps there are
other worlds around other stars, but we just did not know for sure. For
the first time in human history, scientists and technologists are now
able to say, "Yes, there are planets beyond the Solar System." More
ix
x
than that, as described at this conference, we might also be able to
determine whether or not those distant worlds are inhabited.
This international conference originated during a small workshop
on interferometry and planet detection in Paris in the spring of 1995.
More elaborate planning was undertaken at a larger workshop hosted
by the German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR) in Berlin, in
September, 1995. At that time, it was becoming clear that detection
of planets outside the solar system was poised to become more than a
theoretical exercise: new instruments, new techniques, and new facil-
ities were going to turn one of the great mysteries of humanity into
an area of active scientific research, solidly grounded in observation-
al data. As part of our early discussion about this conference, it was
clearly desirable that the first major European meeting on the direct
detection of exo-planets be held at a unique location, perhaps reflecting
the new scientific discipline that is just beginning. Toledo, Spain, with
its cultural and historical traditions seemed ideal.
In Europe, we received support from ESA and we are grateful to the
efforts by Dr Sergio Volonte. This meeting was supported in the US by
NASA's Office of Space Science and by the University of Wyoming.
We are grateful to Dr Michael Bicay at NASA Headquarters and to
Dr Lee Schick at the University of Wyoming for their support. In
Spain, many institutions recognized the importance of this meeting. We
deeply appreciate the support provided by the Universidad Autonoma
de Madrid, Sociedad Espanola de Astronomia, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Cientificas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial
and Comision Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnologia. We are also
grateful to Prof. Enric Banda, the Spanish State Secretary of Univer-
sities and Research, for his kind and warm welcome to all participants
at the Toledo Conference.
The Editors (C. Eiroa, A. Alberdi, H. Thronson, T. de Graauw, C.J.
Schalinski)
Scientific Advisory Committee: R. Angel, S. Beckwith, C. Eiroa, T.
Encrenaz, T. Fukushima, T. de Graauw, A. Leger, J.M. Marcaide, J.M.
Mariotti, A. Penny, R. Rodrigo, C.J. Schalinski, M. Shao, H. Thronson
(Chairman), S. Volonte
Local Organizing Committee: A. Alberdi, C. Eiroa (Chairman), M. Gui-
tart (Secretary), B. Montesinos, H. Thronson
