Information Technology for Peace and Security: IT Applications and Infrastructures in Conflicts, Crises, War, and Peace

425 Pages·2019·9.466 MB·English

by  Christian Reuter

Editor
Christian Reuter
Information Technology
for Peace and Security
IT Applications and Infrastructures
in Conflicts, Crises, War, and Peace
I nformation Technology for Peace and Security
Christian Reuter
Editor
Information Technology
for Peace and Security
IT Applications and Infrastructures
in Conflicts, Crises, War, and Peace
Editor
Christian Reuter
Science and Technology for Peace and Security (PEASEC)
Department of Computer Science
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Darmstadt, Germany
ISBN 978-3-658-25651-7 ISBN 978-3-658-25652-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25652-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2019936168
Springer Vieweg
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Foreword
Johannes Buchmann
Professor of Computer Science and Mathematics
Technische Universität Darmstadt

My generation was lucky. For over seventy years there has been peace in Germany. In
other parts of the world, wars remain reality. Technological advances, especially in com-
puter science, help to make weapons more brutal and effective and wars more terrible.
Peace remains one of the great challenges of humanity. The authors of this book take this
challenge seriously. They have established a new research direction: information technol-
ogy for peace and security, exploring the dangers of misuse of information technology.
Examples are the destruction of the IT backbone of energy, transport and communication
infrastructures by hackers, as well as threats to political and social peace posed by fake
news and social bots. At the same time, they are making suggestions on how information
technology can stabilise peace, for example through efficient disarmament control. This is
so far unique: high technology serves peace.
TU Darmstadt has acknowledged the enormous importance of such research and has hired
Christian Reuter on Germany's first professorship in the field of Information Technology
for Peace and Security (“Science and Technology for Peace and Security”). In a very short
time he brought this new topic to life at TU Darmstadt and initiated this textbook as a
logical next step. He and his colleagues make the topic and their research results accessible
to students and at the same time provide an introduction for interested scientists, IT devel-
opers and policy advisors.
This book is very important because their work can only be fully effective if it is received
and carried forward by many. I wish Christian Reuter and all the authors of this book that
their effort falls on fertile ground, has great impact, and contributes to the further devel-
opment of the research area and to peace in the world.

Darmstadt Johannes Buchmann
Editor’s Preface
Christian Reuter
Professor of Science and Technology for Peace and Security (PEASEC)
Technische Universität Darmstadt

Information technology (IT) is becoming more and more important in many facets of our
daily life. Not only so in ordinary situations, but also in critical ones. This includes an
increased importance in contexts of peace and security. Besides classical cyber security
issues, other challenges concerning information warfare, cyber espionage and defence,
cyber arms control, dual-use, or the role of social media in conflicts are of high importance.
However, these aspects are not yet as established both in research and education. There
are not as many textbooks on the interception of computer science on the one side and
peace and security research on the other side compared to other, more common areas of
research. However, this could change, especially considering the importance of the field.
After joining Technische Universität Darmstadt and founding the group Science and Tech-
nology for Peace and Security (PEASEC), embedded in both CYSEC (profile area Cyber
Security) and IANUS (interdisciplinary research group Science Technology Peace), we
felt the mission to address this gap. Based on the experiences from our edited textbook on
“Safety-Critical Human-Computer-Interaction: Interactive Technologies and Social Me-
dia in Crisis- and Security Management” (2018, Springer Vieweg, 645p., currently avail-
able in German only), the idea for a complementary textbook was born: I drafted a content,
asked potential authors, received very positive feedback and the willingness to contribute
and finally am very honoured to edit the first edition of this textbook.
Technological and scientific progress, especially the rapid development in information
technology (IT), plays a crucial role regarding questions of peace and security. This text-
book addresses the significance, potentials and challenges of IT for peace and security.
For this purpose, the book offers an introduction to peace, conflict, and security research,
thereby focusing on natural science, technical and computer science perspectives. In the
following, it sheds light on cyber conflicts, war and peace, cyber arms control, cyber at-
tribution and infrastructures as well as culture and interaction before an outlook is given.
viii Editor’s Preface
The book is written for readers who are interested in this interdisciplinary topic, especially
from computer science and IT security as well as peace and conflict research but also in
general from engineering and natural sciences on the one side and humanities and social
sciences on the other.
This work was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
(BMBF) as well as by the Hessen State Ministry for Higher Education, Research and the
Arts (HMWK) within CRISP and by the German Research Foundation (DFG) within the
Collaborative Research Centres 1119 CROSSING and 1053 MAKI.
Many authors contributed to this textbook – and I would like to thank them a lot. I would
also like to thank all people (authors, assistants, students) who worked in the background,
i.e. found and corrected mistakes and reviewed book chapters (I am still grateful for further
hints and suggestions for improvement; the aim is to implement these in future editions).
I especially would like to thank my whole PEASEC team for their dedication, not only in
the context of this book. Particularly I thank my family for their patience and support.
On behalf of all authors: We wish the readers a pleasant and insightful read; we hope to
contribute a little to peace and security.

Darmstadt Christian Reuter
Table of Contents
Fore'\'Ord (Johannes Buchmann) ...................................................................................... v
Editor's Preface (Christian Reuter) ............................................................................... vii
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................i x
The Editor ..................................................................................................................... xiii
Tbe Autbors .................................................................................................................... xv

Part I: lntroduction and Fundamentals ......................................................................... l
Information Technology for Peace and Security- Introduction and Overview
(Christian Reuter) ....................................................................................................... 3
2 TT in Peace, Contlict, and Security Research
(Christian Reuter • Larissa Aidehoff • Thea Riebe • Mare-Andre Kauthold) .......... II
3 Natural-Science/Technical Peace Research
(Jürgen Altmann) ...................................................................................................... 39
Part TI: Cyber Conflicts and War ................................................................................. 61
4 Information Warfare- From Doctrine to Permanent Conflict
(Tngo Ruhmann • Ute Bemhardt) .............................................................................. 63
5 Cyber Espionage and Cyber Defence
(Donunik Herrmann) ................................................................................................ 83
6 Darknets as Tools for Cyber Warfare
(Kai Denker • Marcel Schäfer • Martin Steinebach) ............................................... 10 7
x Table of Contents
Part ill: Cyber Peace ................................................................................................... 137
7 From Cyber War to Cyber Peace
(Thomas Reinhold • Christian Reuter) .................................................................... J39
8 Duai-Use and Dilemmas for Cybersecurity, Peace and Technology Assessment
(Thea Riebe • Christian Reuter) .............................................................................. 165
9 Confidence and Security Building Measures for Cyber Forces
(Jürgen Altmann) .................................................................................................... 185
Part IV: Cyber Arms Control ..................................................................................... 205
10 Arms Control and its Applicability to Cyberspace
(Thomas Reinhold • Christian Reuter) .................................................................... 207
t 1 Unmanned Systems: The Robotic Revolution as aChallenge for Arms Control
(Niklas Schömig) .................................................................................................... 233
12 Verification in Cyberspace
(Thomas Reinhold • Christian Reuter) .................................................................... 257
Part V: Cyber Attribution and Infrastructures ......................................................... 277
13 Attribution of Cyber Attacks
(Klaus-Peter Saalbach) ........................................................................................... 279
14 Resilient Critical Infrastructures
(Stefan Katzenbeisser • Mattbias Hollick) .............................................................. 305
15 Security ofCritical lnfommtion lnfrastructures
(Tobias Dehling · Sebastian Lins · Ali Sunyaev) ................................................... 319
Table of Contents xi
Part VI: Culture and Interaction ................................................................................ 341
16 Safety and Security- Their Relation and Transformation
(Alfred Nordmann • Annette Ripper) ..................................................................... 343
17 Cultural Violence and Peace in Social Media
(Mare-Andre Kaufhold • Christian Reuter) ............................................................ 361
18 Social Media and ICT Usage in Contlicts Areas
(Konstantin Aal • Maximilian Krüger • Markus Rohde •
Borislav Tadic • Volker Wulf) ................................................................................ 383
Part VII: Outlook ......................................................................................................... 403
19 The Future ofiT in Peace and Security
(Christian Reuter · Jürgen Altmann · Konstantin Aal · Larissa Aidehoff ·
Johannes Buchmann · Ute Bernhardt · Kai Denker · Dominik Herrmann ·
Mattbias Holliek · Stefan Katzenbeisser · Mare-Andre Kaufhold · Alfred Nordmann
Thomas Reinhold · Thea Riebe · Annette Ripper · logo Ruhmann ·
Klaus-Peter Saalbach · Niklas Schömig · Ali Sunyaev · Volker Wulf) ................ .405
List ofFigures ............................................................................................................... 415
List of Tables. ................................................................................................................ 417
Index .............................................................................................................................. 419