Information and Communications Technologies OECD Communications Outlook 2005.

327 Pages·2005·3.725 MB·English

by  OECD

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Information and Communications Technologies 2 Information and
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OECD Communications Outlook 5 Communications Technologies

The OECD Communications Outlook 2005 presents the most recent comparable data on the
performance of the communication sector and policy frameworks in OECD countries. The data
provided in this report map the six years of competition for many OECD countries that fully opened OECD
their market to competition in 1998. The 2005 edition also analyses the communications sector over
the years following the “dotcom bubble” crisis and explores future developments.
Communications
The OECD Communications Outlook provides an extensive range of indicators for the development
of different communications networks and compares performance indicators such as revenue, Outlook
investment, employment and prices for service throughout the OECD area. These indicators are
essential for industry and for regulators who use benchmarking to evaluate policy performance.
This book is based on data from the OECD Telecommunications Database 2005, which provides
time series of telecommunications and economic indicators such as network dimension, revenues,
investment and employment for OECD countries from 1980 to 2003.
For more information on trends in information technology, globalisation and their impact on the way
people live and work, refer to the OECD Information Technology Outlook.
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2005 93 2005 01 1 P 2005
OECD
Communications Outlook
2005
Readers of the OECD Communications Outlook can access the related OECD
Telecommunications Database free of charge online at:
http://new.SourceOECD.org/database/telecom.
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to
address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at
the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and
concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an
ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy
experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate
domestic and international policies.
The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea,
Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of
the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD.
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standards agreed by its members.
This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The
opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official
views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.
Publié en français sous le titre:
Perspectives des communications de l’OCDE: 2005
© OECD 2005
No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made without written permission. Applications should be sent to
OECD Publishing: [email protected] or by fax [phone]. Permission to photocopy a portion of this work should be addressed to the Centre
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FOREWORD
Foreword
T
his report, the eighth in a series of biennial Communications Outlooks, was prepared in the
context of the OECD’s work on the analysis of communication policy in member countries.
The report was drafted by the staff working in the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and
Industry, including DimitriYpsilanti, SamPaltridge, TaylorReynolds and FrédéricBourassa as well
as JohnHoughton from Victoria University and JonathanLevy from the Federal Communications
Commission. They are grateful for the contribution of information by telecommunication carriers and
to national delegations that responded in2004 to an OECD questionnaire relating to industry
regulation and data.
The assistance of Netcraft and the International Telecommunication Union is gratefully
acknowledged where they provided data. The pricing comparisons are undertaken in co-operation
with TeligenLtd., from which quarterly updates of some pricing indicators using the OECD
methodology are directly available. Many of the other indicators in this report are available on in
electronic format from the OECD Telecommunication Database2005, covering the period1980-2004.
The draft of this report was presented to the OECD Working Party on Telecommunication and
Information Services Policies at its meeting of 29-30November2004. The Committee for
Information, Computer and Communications Policy subsequently recommended that the report be
made available to the general public.
OECD COMMUNICATIONS OUTLOOK 2005 – ISBN 92-64-00950-7 – © OECD 2005 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Policy Issues and Market Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
The telecommunications market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Telecommunication market structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Broadcasting markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
A return to growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Chapter 2. Recent Communication Policy Developments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Trends in competition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Regulatory safeguards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Foreign ownership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Voice over Internet Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Local loop unbundling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Number portability and carrier selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Fixed to mobile interconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Household expenditures on communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter 3. Telecommunication Market Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Mobile communications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
International communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Leased lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Research and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Chapter 4. Network Dimensions and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Mobile network growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Digitalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Chapter 5. Internet and Broadband Infrastructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Internet subscribers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Broadband access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Mobile data revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Leased line Internet connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Internet hosts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Secure servers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Links to secure servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
E-commerce access and supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Domain names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Regional Internet development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Peering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Chapter 6. Main Trends in Pricing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Residential and business telecommunication baskets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Trends in residential and business rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
International rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Mobile communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Leased lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Broadband pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Chapter 7. Broadcasting Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Structural changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Convergence/regulatory developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Chapter 8. Quality of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Payphones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Network faults and maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Directory assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Answer seizure ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Evolution of quality of service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Chapter 9. Employment and Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Productivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Skills and occupational change in telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Chapter 10. Trade in Communication Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Trade in communication equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Direction of trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Globalisation of production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Chapter 11. Regulatory Reform and the Global Digital Divide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
The scope of the digital divide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Digital progress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Market liberalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Regulatory independence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Spectrum policy and wireless connectivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Success stories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
List of Tables
1.1. Major public telecommunication operators and Internet service providers
in the OECD area with revenues greater than USD1billion, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.2. Top five subsectors by issuance of high yield bonds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1. Number of operators in service, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.2. Access line market share of new entrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.3. National long distance market shares of new operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.4. International market share of new market entrants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.5. Number of preselected lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.6. Cellular mobile competition in the OECD area, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.7. Government ownership of public telecommunication network operators . . . . 47
2.8. Foreign ownership restrictions in telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.9. Treatment of national and international voice telephony services provided
over the Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.10. Local loop unbundling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.11. Number of unbundled lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.12. Carrier number portability and carrier pre-selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.13. Fixed to mobile interconnection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6 OECD COMMUNICATIONS OUTLOOK 2005 – ISBN 92-64-00950-7 – © OECD 2005
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.14. Final consumption household expenditure in the OECD area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.1. Telecommunication revenue in the OECD area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2. Telecommunication revenue as a percentage of GDP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.3. Globalisation of selected telecommunication carrier revenues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.4. Mobile telecommunication revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.5. Telecommunication revenue ratios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.6. Cellular mobile telecommunication revenue per cellular mobile subscriber . . 82
3.7. International telecommunication revenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.8. International telecommunication traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.9. Leased line revenue, selected incumbents/countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.10. R&D expenditures for PTOs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.11. R&D expenditures for telecommunications equipment manufacturers . . . . . . 87
3.12. USPatent Office: number of patents granted to selected
telecommunication operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.13. Telecommunications patent applications filed at the European
Patent Office (EPO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.1. Access trends in the OECD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.2. Telecommunication channels in the OECD area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.3. Standard analogue telecommunication access lines in the OECD area. . . . . . . 103
4.4. ISDN subscribers in the OECD area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.5. Residential lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.6. Telecommunication channels per 100inhabitants in the OECD area. . . . . . . . . 107
4.7. Cellular mobile subscribers in the OECD area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.8. Cellular mobile penetration, subscribers per 100inhabitants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.9. Mobile pre-paid subscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.10. Percentage of population coverage of mobile networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.11. Digitalisation in the OECD area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.12. Availability of digital subscriber lines (DSL) in the OECD area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.13. Public telecommunication investment in the OECD area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.14. Licencing revenues in the OECD area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.15. Telecommunication investment by region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.16. Public telecommunication investment as a percentage
of telecommunications revenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.17. Public telecommunication investment as a percentage
of gross fixed capital formation (GFCF). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.18. Public telecommunication investment per access channel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.19. Public telecommunication investment per basic access path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.20. Public telecommunication investment per capita. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.1. Internet subscribers to fixed networks, 1999-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.2. Mobile Internet: i-mode subscribers, 1999-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.3. Mobile phone-based internet subscribers in Japan, 1999-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.4. Mobile data revenues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.5. SMS traffic, 2003-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.6. Broadband access, 2000-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.7. Broadband access to end June2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.8. Leased lines connected to Internet, 2000-2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.9. Internet hosts by domain, 1998-2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.10. Secure servers in OECD countries, 1998-2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
5.11. References to secure servers by domain, 2002-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.12. References to secure servers by country, 2002-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.13. Domain name registrations under top level domains, 2000-2004. . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.14. Domain name registrations, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
5.15. Geographical distribution of registrations under new unsponsored gTLDs,
December2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
5.16. Regional development of the Internet, 2001-2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5.17. Top10 neworks defined by number of peers, 2003-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
6.1. Pricing structures for residential users in the OECD area, 2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
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6.2. Skype pricing by call destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.3. OECD residential basket tariffs compared to Skype tariffs, August2004. . . . . . 182
6.4. OECD international residential tariffs compared to Skype tariffs, August2004 183
6.5. OECD basket of residential telephone charges, August2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
6.6. OECD composite basket of residential telephone charges, August2004 . . . . . . 185
6.7. OECD basket of business telephone charges, August2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
6.8. OECD composite basket of business telephone charges, August2004. . . . . . . . 187
6.9. OECD time series for telephone charges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6.10. OECD basket of international telephone charges, August2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.11. OECD basket of low user mobile telephone charges, August2004 . . . . . . . . . . . 190
6.12. OECD basket of medium user mobile telephone charges, August2004. . . . . . . 191
6.13. OECD basket of high user mobile telephone charges, August2004 . . . . . . . . . . 192
6.14. OECD basket of national leased line charges, August2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
6.15. Trends in leased line pricing over different distances, 1992-2004. . . . . . . . . . . . 194
6.16. Internet access by DSL in OECD member countries,
September2002-November2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.17. DSL pricing trends in OECD countries, 2002-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
6.18. Cable Internet pricing trends in OECD countries, January2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
7.1. Trends in media usage in the OECD area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
7.2. ITU data on television, cable and home satellite usage, 1995-2002 . . . . . . . . . . 218
7.3. Composition, of television households by distribution platform, 1995-2002 . . 219
7.4. Penetration rate of cable television in OECD countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
7.5. Total television households and digital households, 2001-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.6. Composition and penetration of digital television households, 2003. . . . . . . . . 222
7.7. Digital terrestrial television transition information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7.8. Service availability in largest city. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7.9. Daily audience share of public service television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
7.10. Telephony/Internet offerings by cable and satellite operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
7.11. Broadcasting definitions, digital terrestrial television and convergence issues. . . 227
7.12. Must-carry and media ownership regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
8.1. Network access: waiting time for a new connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
8.2. Number of faults per 100lines per year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
8.3. Percentage of faults repaired within 24hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
8.4. Number of payphones in OECD countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
8.5. Average percentage of payphones in working order. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
8.6. Directory assistance charges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
8.7. Answer seizure ratios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
9.1. Employment in telecommunications, 1990-2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
9.2. Employment in mobile communications, 1990-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
9.3. Telecommunication services employment as a share
of national employment, 1990-2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
9.4. Access paths per employee, 1991-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
9.5. OECD telecommunications employment and revenue
per employee, 1990-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
9.6. Telecommunication services revenue per employee, 1990-2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
9.7. Mobile employment and productivity indicators, 1999-2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
9.8. PTO labour productivity by company, 1999-2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
9.9. UStelecommunications employment by occupation,
2002 and projected change to 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
10.1. Communication equipment exports, 1996-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
10.2. OECD communications equipment trade summary, 1996-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
10.3. Communication equipment imports, 1996-2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
10.4. Balance of trade in communication equipment, 1996-2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
10.5. Composition of exports, 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
10.6. Composition of imports, 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
10.7. Telecommunications equipment trade, 1997-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
10.8. Broadcasting equipment trade, 1997-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
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10.9. Other communications equipment trade, 1997-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
10.10. Direction of communication equipment exports, 1996-2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
10.11. Direction of communication equipment imports, 1996-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
10.12. Direction of communication equipment exports, 1996-2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
10.13. Direction of communication equipment imports, 1996-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
10.14. China’s trade in communication equipment, 1996-2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Annex Tables
A1.Average annual exchange rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
A2.Purchasing power parities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
A3.Gross domestic product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
A4.Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
A5.Gross fixed capital formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
List of Figures
1.1. Access growth in the OECD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.2. Competition in fixed networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.3. Competition in mobile infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.4. Telecommunication sector defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1. Mobile termination: range in rates, July2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.2. Changes in the proportion of communication in disposable household income . 38
2.3. Monthly household expenditure on communications in selected
OECD member countries, 2003or latest available year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.4. Trend in harmonised indices of consumer prices (HICP)
for communication for the EU15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.1. Trends in telecommunication revenue, investment and access paths, 1980-2003. 68
3.2. Telecommunication revenue as a percentage of GDP, OECD, 1985-2003 . . . . . . 69
3.3. Mobile telecommunication revenue in OECD countries, 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.4. Share of mobile revenue in telecommunication revenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.5. Telecommunication revenue per access path, 2001and2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.6. Telecommunication revenue per capita, 1993 and2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.7. Cellular mobile telecommunication revenue per subscriber,
2000 and2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.8. Minutes of outgoing international telecommunication traffic (MiTT), 2003 . . . 74
4.1. Total fixed and mobile telecommunication paths, millions, 1997-2003. . . . . . . 92
4.2. Access channels per 100inhabitants in OECD countries, 1993 and 2003. . . . . . 93
4.3. Mobile subscribers in the OECD countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.4. Cellular mobile subscribers per 100inhabitants, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.5. Total households passed by cable TVnetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.6. Public telecommunications investment by region, 1990-2003
(excluding spectrum fees). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.7. Public telecommunication investment as a percentage of PTO revenue
and gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.8. Public telecommunication investment per capita. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.9. Public telecommunications investment per access path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.1. Fixed Internet subscribers, millions, December2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.2. Fixed Internet access per 100inhabitants, December2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.3. PC penetration, percentage of households,2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.4. Dial-up and broadband shares of total fixed Internet subscribers,
December2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.5. Broadband access per 100inhabitants, December2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.6. Broadband access per 100inhabitants, June2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.7. Distribution of Skype users,2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.8. Skype users per 1000inhabitants,2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.9. Mobile Internet services in Japan, 1999-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
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