Table Of ContentContributions to Economics
Samia Mohamed Nour
Information and
Communication
Technology in
Sudan
An Economic Analysis of Impact and Use
in Universities
Contributions to Economics
More information about this series at
http://www.springer.com/series/1262
Samia Mohamed Nour
Information and
Communication
Technology in Sudan
An Economic Analysis of Impact
and Use in Universities
SamiaMohamedNour
DepartmentofEconomics
UniversityofKhartoum
Khartoum
Sudan
UNU-MERIT-SchoolofBusinessand
Economics
MaastrichtUniversity
Maastricht
TheNetherlands
DepartmentofEconomics
KingAbdulazizUniversity
Jeddah
KingdomofSaudiArabia
ISSN1431-1933 ISSN2197-7178(electronic)
ISBN978-3-319-13998-2 ISBN978-3-319-13999-9(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-13999-9
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
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Acknowledgements
IsincerelythankAllah,myGod,theMostGracious,theMostMerciful,forenabling
me to complete this post-doctoral research project successfully. I wish to thank all
peoplewhohelpedmetosuccessfullycompletethisresearch.
IampleasedtogratefullythankProfessorMirjamdeBruijn(theheadofAfrican
Studies Center (ASC), Leiden University Research Group on ‘Connections and
Transformations: The Social Construction of Linking Technologies in Africa and
Beyond’), for her excellent supervision, very kind support, cooperation and for
facilitation of my research visit. I am also pleased to thank the former director of
ASCProfessorLeodeHaanforhiskindcooperationandfacilitationofmyresearch
visit. I thank all ASC academic research staff colleagues for their cooperation; I
wouldliketoespeciallythankDr.InekevanKesselandDr.LindavandeKampfor
theirkindcooperationduringmyresearchvisit.IthankallASCadministrativestaff;
special thanks to Ms. Marieke van Winden and Ms. Maaike Westra for their kind
cooperation and administrative support during my stay at ASC. I gratefully thank
ProfessorMirjamdeBruijnandDr.RijkvanDijkfortheirusefulcommentsonthe
first draft of this research. I wish to thank the participants at the meeting of ASC
Research Group on Connections and Transformations ‘The Social Construction of
Linking Technologies in Africa and Beyond’, ASC, Leiden, the Netherlands, June
18,2009,andtheparticipantsattheUNU-MERITworkshop,October21,2011,and
theparticipantattheEighthGLOBELICSInternationalConference(2010)“Making
InnovationWorkfor Society: Linking, Leveragingand Learning” November1 - 3,
2010,UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia,fortheirusefulcommentsto
improvemyresearch.IwouldliketothankMs.AnnReeves(ASC)andMs.Emma
Brewin for their kind cooperation and helpin editing myresearch. I thank Madam
Edith van Middelkoop for her kind cooperation and hospitality and for accommo-
datingmeduringmystayasavisitingresearchfellowatASCinLeiden.
IamdelightedtogratefullythankDr.PrashanthMahagaonkar(Editor,Business
&Economics,Springer)andhisteamofhighqualityinternationalpublicationstaff
inSpringerforexcellentcooperation,supportandfacilitationthepublicationofthis
bookandpreviousbookswithSpringer.
v
vi Acknowledgements
Theresearchpresentedinthisbookwasoriginallypreparedduringmytimeasa
visiting researchfellowat the African Studies Center at the University ofLeiden,
the Netherlands (May to July 2009). I am delighted to acknowledge ASC for its
3-month visiting research fellowship. The second draft of this book was revised
during my time as a visiting research fellow at UNU-MERIT, Maastricht, the
Netherlands. I acknowledge the host institute at UNU-MERIT, the School of
Business and Economics at the University of Maastricht, for the cooperation and
hospitality I received during my visiting research fellowship. I am delighted to
thankProf.JoanMuyskenandProf.LucSoete.
IwouldliketothankDr.Hassn HagAli,dean oftheFaculty ofEconomicand
Social Studies, and Dr. Fadia Khalil, the former head of Economics Department,
Khartoum University, for excellent cooperation and facilitation of my research
visit.
Duringthefieldworkanddatacollection,Ireceivedconsiderablehelpfrommany
people. I thank Professor Sami Sharif and Dr. Eiman Abualmaaly, the former and
current directors of the Information Technology and Network Administration
(ITNA), Khartoum University, for their cooperation and useful information about
the use of ICT in Khartoum University. I would like to thank Dr. Sumaia
Abukashawa,MinsterofHigherEducationandScientificResearch,andDr.Tahany
AbdullahAtia,MinisterofScienceandCommunications,fortheirhelpfulcoopera-
tionconcerningtheICTuniversitysurveyquestionnaire(2009)duringtheirworkin
KhartoumUniversity.IamdelightedtothankmycolleagueDr.FatmaIbnoufandall
my colleagues in the Faculty of Economic and Social Studies, Dr. Layla Simsa,
Dr.IbtisamSatti,Dr.DuriaAhmed,Dr.SaraKamal,Dr.AliaOsman,Prof.Mohamed
Hashim Awad, Prof. Awad Alsaid alkarsani, Dr. Ahmed Elsheekh, Dr. Ibrahim
Subahi, Dr. Ahmed Badawi, Dr. Elwasila Mohamed, Dr. Hisham Mohamed,
Dr. Ameen Mohamed, Dr. Mahmould Abudallah, Dr. Omer Ibrahim, Dr. Saif
Mustafa and colleagues at the Faculty of Law, Department of University Require-
ments,FacultyofArts,FacultyofScienceandFacultyofEngineeringfortheiruseful
comments,helpfulcooperationandtheirtimeinfillingintheICTuniversitysurvey
questionnaire (2009). I am delighted to gratefully thank my sister Dr. Eiman Satti
(SudanUniversityofScienceandTechnology),Dr.SaffaMohamedandDr.Sawsan
Abdelhafiz (Al-zaim Al-azhari University), Dr. Siddig Talha (Sudan International
University),Dr.SamihaMohamed(UniversityofMedicalSciencesandTechnology),
Dr. Ashraf Gasim Alseed and Ms. Noha Abdelrahman (Computerman University),
Ms.RasailIbrahim(JubaUniversity)andMs.SalihaAbudallah,Mr.HassanHamza
andMs.WaadSallaheldin(KhartoumUniversity)fortheirtimeandhelpfulcooper-
ationinthecollectionoftheICTuniversitysurveyquestionnaire(2009).Ialsothank
all the respondents to the ICT university survey questionnaire. I am delighted to
gratefully thank my colleagues Professor Sanaa Helal and Dr. Lobna Aboel Ela
(Department of Economics, King Abdulaziz University) for their excellent
cooperation.
Ithankmygrandparents,myaunts,unclesandtheirfamilies.Lastbutnotleast,
myeverlastinggratitude,appreciationandsinceredeepthankstomykind,beloved,
wonderful mother Alawia and father Satti, my beloved sisters Rashida, Khalda,
Acknowledgements vii
EimanandLanaandmykindbrothersRashid,Osman,KhalidandSamiandtheir
families for their sincere prayers, warm, generous, steady support and faithful
encouragementofmylonglearningjourney.
UNU-MERIT,Maastricht,TheNetherlands SamiaSattiOsmanMohamedNour
October2014
ThiSisaFMBlankPage
Executive Summary
This research provides an interesting in-depth pioneering analysis of demand for
andeconomicimpactofICTfromthedemandperspectiveandfrompublic–private
perspectivesinpublicandprivateSudaneseuniversities.Theaimofthisresearchis
threefold:first,toexaminethestatus,pattern,structure,trendanddeterminantsof
the demand for ICTinpublic and privateSudaneseuniversities; second,toinves-
tigatetheeconomicimpactsoftheusesofICTandthepotentialopportunitiesand
challenges that ICT is expected to create for public and private Sudanese univer-
sities; and third, to explain the role of ICT in facilitating the production, creation
andtransferofknowledgeinSudaneseuniversities.
Wefillthegapintheliterature,sinceweexaminethedemandforICTfromthe
public–privateperspectiveinSudaneseuniversities.Differentfromearlierstudiesin
theliteraturethatfocusesonICTfromthesupplyperspective,weprovideanewand
perhaps the first study focused on ICT from the demand perspective, since we
examineboththeusesandimpactsofICTinpublicandprivateSudaneseuniversities.
One advantage and interesting element in our analysis is that we present a more
comprehensiveanalysisfromthedemandperspectiveconcerningtheuseandimpacts
ofICT at the micro level and we compare between public and private universities.
Another advantage is that we examine from the demand perspective, the use and
economic impacts of ICT after integrating three different perspectivesof academic
teachingstaff,supportstaffandstudents.Anovelelementinouranalysisisthatwe
use a new primary survey data at the micro level, which we obtained from the
University Survey (2009) which we distributed randomly amongst 131 individuals
in10publicandprivateSudaneseuniversitieslocatedinKhartoum.
Our findings prove the first hypothesis in Chap. 1 on the presence ofsignificant
public–privatedifferentialbetweenpublicandprivateuniversitiesinSudan,notonly
in the general characteristics but also in the demand for and impacts of ICT. For
instance,ourresultsshowthatthereportedrapidincidenceoftheobservedstructural
change in the demand for ICT, knowledge about computer and Internet and the
importance, structure, trend and income and price effects of the demand for the
fourICTmodes,fixedtelephone,mobiletelephones,computerandInternet,seemto
be more significant for private university staff compared to public university staff.
ix
