Information and Classification: Concepts, Methods and Applications Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the “Gesellschaft für Klassifikation e.V.” University of Dortmund, April 1–3, 1992

524 Pages·1993·21.33 MB·English

by  G. De Soete (auth.)

Studies in Classification, Data Analysis
and Knowledge Organization
Managing Editor Editorial Board
H. H. Bock, Aachen W. H. E. Day, St. John's
O. Opitz, Augsburg E. Diday, Paris
M. Schader, Mannheim A. Ferligoj, Ljubljana
W. Gaul, Karlsruhe
1. C. Gower, Harpenden
D. 1. Hand, Milton Keynes
P. Ihm, Marburg
1. Meulmann, Leiden
S. Nishisato, Toronto
F. 1. Radermacher, Ulm
R. Wille, Darmstadt
TItles in the Series
H.-H. Bock and P. Ihm (Eds.)
Classification, Data Analysis and
Knowledge Organization
M. Schader (Ed.)
Analyzing and Modeling Data
and Knowledge
Otto Opitz· Berthold Lausen
Rudiger KIar (Eds.)
Information and
Classification
Concepts, Methods and
Applications
Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference
of the "Gesellschaft flir Klassiflkation e.V."
University of Dortmund, Apri11-3, 1992
With 165 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona
Budapest
Prof. Dr. Otto Opitz
Lehrstuhl fUr Mathematische Methoden
der Wirtschaftswissenschaften
Universitiit Augsburg.
Universitiitsstr. 2
0-86135 Augsburg, FRG
Dr. Berthold Lausen
Forschungsinstitut
fUr Kinderemiihrung
Heinstiick 11
0-44225 Dortmund, FRG
Prof. Dr. Riidiger KIar
Abteilung fUr Medizinische Informatik
Universitiits-KIinikum Freiburg
Stefan-Meier-Str. 26
0-79104 Freiburg, FRG
ISBN 978-3-540-56736-3 ISBN 978-3-642-50974-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-50974-2
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Preface
This volume contains refereed and revised versions of 52 papers selected from the contribu
tions presented at the 16th Annual Conference of the "Gesellschaft fiir Klassifikation e.V."
(GfKI), the German Classification Society. The conference stood under the heading "IN
FORMATION AND CLASSIFICATION: Concepts -Methods -Applications" and took place
at the University of Dortmund from April 1-3, 1992. The local organizers were FriedheIm
Eicker and Berthold Lausen of the Department of Statistics at the University of Dortmund.
The scientific program of the conference included about 160 presentations which were ar
ranged in plenary, surveyor subject sessions, in workshops, software presentations or special
tutorial courses. Parts of the scientific program were organized in cooperation with follow
ing other scientific institutions and organizations: Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Medizinische
Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie (GMDS) e.V., Deutsche Verbii.nde fiir Altertums
forschung, International Biometric Society (German Region), University of Sheffield and
with the Dutch-Belgian Vereniging voor Ordinatie en Classificatie (VOC).
The conference owed much to the support by the University of Dortmund and especially
its Department of Statistics. On March 31, 1992 the "Festkolloquium" of the Department
took place in honour of Professor FriedheIm Eickers 65th birthday. This connection was also
fruitful for the overall program of the meeting. Moreover, the international success of the
conference was made possible by the generous support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemein
schaft (DFG) and the Bundesland Nordrhein-Westfalen. The kind support by the sponsors
Daimler-Benz AG (Stuttgart), Schering AG (Berlin) and the support through the commer
cial software presentations by DATA VISION (Klosters, Schweiz), GraS (Berlin) and WEKA
(Frankfurt) is also gratefully acknowledged.
The editors divided the selected papers into three major sections:
I: Data Analysis and Classification
II: Information Retrieval, Knowledge Processing and Software
III: Applications and Special Topics
Moreover, the papers were grouped and ordered within the major sections according to a
common topic covered which is stated in the contents. The editors are aware of the fact, that
alternative groupings and orderings are possible, but the structure used re:B.ects the structure
of the conference to some extent. Last not least, this hierarchical classification demonstrates
the advantages and disadvantages of ordered hierarchical structures as also emphazised in
former proceedings of the GfKI and may be regarded as an example for an application of a
hierarchical classification.
VI
The editors wish to thank the authors for their contributions and cooperation. Moreover,
they have to thank all referees for providing their reports on the submitted papers. Espe
cially the editors are greatly indebted to M. Mi6ler-Behr, University of Augsburg, for the
managing assistance and support during the refereeing process and the technical preparation
of this proceedings volume. Finally, the editors have to thank the Springer-Verlag, Heidel
berg, for good cooperation in publishing this volume.
Otto Opitz
Dortmund, December 1992 Berthold Lausen
Rudiger Klar
Contents
Part I: Data Analysis and Classification
Classification Methods
Hierarchical Clustering of Sampled Functions
G. De Soete .................................................................... 3
Spatial Clustering of Species Based on Quadrat Sampling
J. Krauth ..................................................................... 17
A k,.-Nearest Neighbour Algorithm for Unimodal Clusters
A. Kovalenko .................................................................. 24
Asymptotic Robustness in Cluster-Analysis for the Case of Tukey-Huber Distortions
Y. Kharin and E. Zhuk ........................................................ 31
Choosing the Number of Component Clusters in the Mixture-Model Using a New
Informational Complexity Criterion of the Inverse-Fisher Information Matrix
H. Bozdogan .................................................................. 40
Fuzzy Classification
Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Partitions
S. Bodjanova .................................................................. 55
Fuzzy Clustering by Minimizing the Total Hypervolume
E. Trauwaert, P. Rousseeuw and L. Kaufman .................................. 61
Conceptual Analysis
Conceptual Data Systems
P. Scheich, M. Skorsky, F. Vogt, C. Wachter and R. Wille ..................... 72
Conceptual Clustering via Convex-Ordinal Structures
S. Strahringer and R. Wille .................................................... 85
Diagrams of Similarity Lattices
K. Lengnink ................................................................... 99
viii
Approximate Galois Lattices of Formal Concepts
I. Van Mechelen .............................................................. 108
Representation of Data by Pseudoline Arrangements
W. Kollewe .................................................................. 113
Mathematical Characterizations
A Relational Approach to Split Decomposition
H.-J. Bandelt and A. W.M. Dress ............................................. 123
Some New Useful Representations of Dissimilarities in Mathematical Classification
F. Critchley and B. Van Cutsem .............................................. 132
Multidimensional Scaling
A Comparison of Two Methods for Global Optimization in Multidimensional Scaling
P.J.F. Groenen ............................................................... 145
Directional Analysis of Three-Way Skew-Symmetric Matrices
B. Zielman ................................................................... 156
Clustering in Low-Dimensional Space
W.J. Heiser .................................................................. 162
The Construction of Neighbour-Regions in Two Dimensions for Prediction with
Multi-Level Categorical Variables
J.C. Gower .................................................................. 174
Different Geometric Approaches to Correspondence Analysis of Multivariate Data
M.J. Greenacre ............................................................... 190
Nonlinear Biplots for Nonlinear Mappings
J.J. Meulman and W.J. Heiser ............................................... 201
Various Methods for Data Analysis
Gradient Filtering Projections for Recovering Structures in Multivariate Data
I.S. Yenyukov ................................................................ 214
Classification with Set-Valued Decision Functions
E. Grycko .................................................................... 218
IX
Canonical Discriminant Analysis: Comparison of Resampling Methods and
Convex-Hull Approximation
C. Weihs ..................................................................... 225
Nonparametric Prediction of Time Series on the Basis of Typical Course Patterns
P. Michels ................................................................... 239
Moving Point Patterns: The Poisson Case
D. Pfeifer, H.-P. Baumer and M. Albrecht .................................... 248
Part II: Information Retrieval, Knowledge Processing and
Software
Information Retrieval
Representations, Models and Abstractions in Probabilistic Information Retrieval
N. Fuhr ...................................................................... 259
Fuzzy Graphs as a Basic Tool for Agglomerative Clustering and Information Retrieval
S. Miyamoto ................................................................. 268
The Various Roles of Information Structures
P. Schauble and D. Knaus .................................................... 282
Neural Networks
Classification Properties of Communicating Neural Networks
R. Kree and A. Muller ....................................................... 291
Knowledge Extraction from Self-Organizing Neural Networks
A. Ultsch ..................................................................... 301
Self-Organizing Neural Networks for Visualisation and Classification
A. Ultsch ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 307
Expert Systems and Knowledge Processing
HyDi: Integration of Hypermedia and Expert System Technology for Technical Diagnosis
R. Traphoner and F. Maurer ................................................. 314
Classification and Learning of Similarity Measures
M.M. Richter ................................................................ 323
x
Context Sensitive Knowledge Processing
K. Witulski .................................................................. 335
An Efficient Application of a Rule-Based System
R. Kiel ........................................................................ 346
Computational Linguistics
Acquisition of Syntactical Knowledge from Text
J. Schrepp ................................................................... 356
Generating Topic-Based Links in a Hypertext-System for News
H.J. Weber ................................................................... 366
Software
Interactively Displaying Ultrametric and Additive Trees
G. De Soete and J. Vermeulen ................................................ 374
Anaglyphen 3D - A Program for the Interactive Representation of Three-Dimensional
Perspective Plots of Statistical Data
J. Symanzik .................................................................. 384
Part III: Applications and Special Topics
Sequence Data and Tree Reconstruction
Discovering Consensus Molecular Sequences
W.H.E. Day and F.R. McMorris .............................................. 393
Alignment and Hierarchical Clustering Method for Strings
A. Guenoche ................................................................. 403
More Reliable Phylogenies by Properly Weighted Nucleotide Substitutions
M. Schoniger and A. von Haeseler ............................................ 413
Caminalcules and Didaktozoa: Imaginary Organisms as Test-Examples for Systematics
U. Wirth ..................................................................... 421