influence of tractor system parameters on the performance of agricultural tractor agricultural

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-'INFLUENCE OF TRACTOR SYSTEM PARAMETERS ON
THE PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR
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SHAILESH HARIBHAU THAKARE
THESIS
Doctor of Philosophy
10
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
(FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING)
2005
DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
AND TECHNOLOGY
UDAIPUR .. 313 001 (RAJASTHAN)
MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR
CERTIFICATE - I
Dated:\5.03.200S
This is to certify that Mr. Shailesh Haribhau Thakare had successfully completed
the comprehensive examination held on 06.01.2004 as required under the regulation for tlle
degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
~~~~t~-
Head
Department of Farm MachinelY and Power Engineering
C.T.A.B., Udaipur
MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR
CERTIFICATE - II
Dated:15.03.2005
This is to certify that this thesis entitled "Influence of Tractor-System Pal'amcters
on the Performance of Agricultural TI'actor" submitted for the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy in the subject of Agricultural Engineering (Farm Machinery and Power
Engineering) embodies bonafide research work carried out by MI" Sbailesh Haribhall
Tbakare under my guidance and supervision and that no pmt of this thesis has been
submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of
investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by the
advisory committee on 01.03.2005.
A(t7
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A~ny
(Dr. Kumar Sharma)
Mnjol' AdvisOl'
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.-(Dr. Y:-C-.·BI~~tt)
Hend
Dellnrtment of Farm Machinery and l'ower Engineering
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(Dr. A. N. Mathur) ,-_._. ...
Denn
CTAE, Udaipur
MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR
CERTIFICATE -III
Dated: 12.08.2005
This is to certify that this thesis entitled "Influence of Tractor-System Parameters
on the Performance of AgricultUl·al Tractor" submitted by Mr. Shailesh HaribhtlU
Thalcare to Mnharana ])mtap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur in
partial fulil1hnent of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in tile subject
of AgdculturaJ Engineering (Farm Machinery and Power Engineering) after
recolllmendatioll by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before the
following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the
oral examination was satisfactory; we therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.
A1;'l
(c . ,r;i!J~-(
(Dr. ~jabKnmar Sharma)
Major Advisor
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(DI'. H.avi Mathur)
Advisor \ Advisor
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Advisor
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""~ V. . I;C>{:l /\.. "I;. ,-
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Head
De ~artmcnt of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering
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Director Resident Instructions
MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, UDAIPUR
CERTIFICATE -IV
Dated: 2.0.08.2005
This is to certity that Mr. Shailesh Haribhau Tha":arc student of Doctor of
Philosophy, Depmtment of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, College of Technology
and Engineering, Udaipur [las made all the corrections/ modifications ill the thesis entitled
"Influence of Tractor-System Pal'llmetcrs on the Performance of Agricultural Tractor"
which were suggested by the external examiner and the advisory committee in the oral
examination held on 12.08.2005. The final copies of the thesis duly bound and corrected were
submitted 01120.08.2005.
IlJt<\, ylC . S;",I.~Q>'_-" . ,-(
~jagKumar
(Dr. Sharma)
Major Advisor
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V:'C:Bhatt)
(ffi'
IIead
Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering
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Dean, C,?, Udaipur
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I take this privilege with immense pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude and
indebtedness to my Major Advisor Dr. Ajay Kumar Sharma, Associate Professor,
Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, College of Technology and
Engineering, Udaipur for his inspiring guidance, constant supervision, valuable suggestions
and constant encouragement during the entire period of research work.
lowe my healtful thanks to the members of the advisory committee, Dr. Ravi
Mathur, Professor, Dr. G.s. Tiwari, Associate Professor, Dr. S.M. Mathur, Associate
Professor, Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, CTAE, Udaipur and Dr.
V.K. Shrivastava, DRI nominee and Professor, Department of Soil and Water Engineering,
CTAE, Udaipur for their timely help and valuable suggestions. I am highly thankful to Dr.
A.N. Mathur, Dean, College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur and Dr. Y.C. Bhatt,
Head, Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, CT AE, Udaipur for extending
all help and facilities during the study period. I am also thankful to academic staff members
Dr. R.N. Verma, Professor, Dr. A.K. Mehta, Associate Professor, and Er. A.L.S. Mathur,
Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, CTAE, Udaipur for all possible help
and encouragement given to me during this study.
I express my sincere gratitude to Dl'. S.A. Nimbalkar, Vice-Chancellor, Dr.
Panjabrao Deshmukh, Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola for granting study leave. J am particularly
thankful to Prof. D.S. Kharche, Dean, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology
Prof. A.A. Chaudhari, Ex-Head and Prof. N.N. Narkhede, Head, Department of Farm
Machinery and Power Engineering, Dr. POKY, Akola for kind cooperation in availing the
study leave. Thanks are also due to Dr. C.N.Gangde, Associate Professor, Dr. L.P.Diwanc,
Associate Professor, Er. S.M.Bhende, Associate professor, and Er. M.S.Choudhari, Asstt.
Professor, Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Dr. PDKV Akola for kind cooperation
during the study leave period.
Special thanks to Dr. A.W.Jahagirdal', Associate professor, Deptt. of Statistics, Dr.
PDKV, Akola foJ' guiding in statistics analysis and Dr. S.S.Wanjari, SRS (Sorghum), Dr.
PDK V Akola for analyzing the data. I will be failing in my duty if I don't mention the hel p
rendered to me by Dr. P.M. Nimkar, Asso. Prof, (APE), Er. Hemant Deshmukh, and Er.
Dindorlull', SRF, Oeptt of FMPE, Dr. PDKY Akola in printing works.
I am very much thankful to Institution of Engineers (India) for their partial
tinancing this research from their grant for industry oriented research project. Thanks to Ph.D
colleague's Er. C.P.Doshi, Er.Hemant Shrimali, Er. Rajeev Garg, Er.O.P.Pareek,
Dr.Pramod Moltnot, Er.S.B.Wadatkar, Er.A.N.Mankar,Er.D.D. Pawar, Dr.G.U.Satputc,
Dr.S.K.Thakarc, Dr.P.U.Sflnhare, EI'.Sandip Sengar and all my M.E. colleagues for moral
support and accompanying me and making my stay at Udaipur easy and comfortable.
Special thanks to Shri.M.M.Sbarma, Farm Manager, Shri.Bhavarlalji Devda and
Shri.KaJuramji Meena, drivers for their valuable help and Er.L.N.Barber,
Shri.Rameshwar lal Lal(hara, Shri.Durgesb Mathur, Shri.D.R.Chaturvcdi,
Shri.M.Khftn, Sbri.B.B.Arora, Shri.Onkar, Ms.Shipra, Shri.Prahladji and other staffs of
the department for their immense help during the research work.
] owe a great deal of love to my parents and family, in~laws-parents, brothers, and
sisters for their silent yet eloquent support during the study period. My loving sons Master
Akash and Master Aditya equally deserve appreciation who missed the love and affection of
their father when they needed it most. Words and feelings will be insufficient to express my
warmest thanks to my wife Mrs. Sangeeta who took the painsto look after our family duril1B
my absence and whose encouragement helped me a lot to complete this st~u. .~. .•• ..
Place : Udaipur i ~~ ~
Date : 15·03~2005· . (Sha esh H. Thakare)
CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page
List of Tables i
List of Figures x
List of Appendices xiii
List of Abbreviations and Symbols xiv
I INTRODUCTION 1~5
1.1 Mechanization of Indian Agriculture 1
1.2 Status of Tractors in India 2
1.3 Justification and Scope of Study 3
1.3.1 Tractor ballasting 4
1.3.2 Importance of part loads 4
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6-33
2.1 Measurement Techniques of Terrain Properties 6
2.1.1 Stress-strain relationship 6
2.1.2 Pressure sinkage relationship 7
2.1.3 Cone penetrometer techniq lie 9
2.1.3.1 Factors affecting cone index 10
2.1.4 Bevameter technique 12
2.2 Tractive Performance I J
2.3 Effect of Ballast on Tractive Performance 13
2.4 Effect of Tyre on Tractive Efficiency 18
2.5 Effect of Drawbar Load on Tractive Efficiency 20
2.6 Effect of soil condition on tractive performance 22
2.7 Effect of Inflation Pressure on Tractive Efficiency 24
2.8 Effect of Speed of Operation on Tractive Efficiency 26
2.9 Fuel Efficiency 26
2.9.1 Effect of part loads on fuel consumption 27
2.9.2 Effect of speed of operation on fuel'consumption 27
2.9.3 Etfect of depth of operation on fuel consumption 28
2.9.4 Effect of soil condition on fuel consumEtion 29
2.10 Power Delivery Efficiency 30
2.11 Empirical Models for Tractive Performance 31
2.12 Conclusions from the Review 33
111 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 34-43
3.1 MeclulIlics of a Driving Wheel 34
36 --
3.2 Criteria of Performance
3{-
3.2.1 Wheel slip
3.2.1.1 Zero condition 37 __
3.2.2 Tractive efficiency 37
3.2.3 Fuel efficiency 39
3.2.4 Power delivery efficiency 40
3.3 Selection of Parameters 40
3.3.1 Soil cond itiol1 41
3.3.2 Tyre selection 41
3.3.3 Ballast 41
3.3.4 Drawbar pull 41
3.3.5 Part loads 42
3.4 Optimization of Parameters 42
3.5 Concluding Remark 43
IV MATERIALS AND METHODS 44-63
4.1 Research Plan 44
4.1.1 Phase I: Experimental facilities 44
4.1.2 Phase II: Zero condition for traction tyres 44
4.1.3 Phase III: Effect of different soil, tractor and system 45
parameters on the performance of agricultural tractor
4.1.4 Phase IV: Empirical models and selection of suitable 45
tracto r-system parameters
4.2 Experimental Setup 46
4.3 Experimental Parameters 46
4.3.1 Tractor parameters 46
4.3.1.1 Traction tYl'es 46
4.3.1.2 Ballast 46
4.3.1.3 Part loads 50
4.3.1.4 Inflation pressure 52
4.3.2 System parameters 52
4.3.2.1 Drawbar load 52
4.3.2.2 Soil condition 52
4.3.2.3 Forward speed S4
4.4 Measurement of Different Parameters 54
4.4.1 Measurement of forward sp_eed 54
4.4.2 Measurement of drawbar loud 54
4.4.3 Cal ibration of load cell 54
4.4.4.1 Zero condition for measurement of slip 57
4.4.4.2 Slip calculation 57
4.4.5 Fuel consumption 57
4.4.6 Measurement of soil parameters 59
4.4.6.1 Soil cone index 59
4.4.6.2 Bulk density and moisture content 59
4.5 Experimental Proced1.lre 63
" V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 64-229
5.1 Zero Condition for Agricultural Tractor 64
5.1. J Forward speed of agricultural tractor under various 64
conditions
5.2 Effect of Different System Parameters on the 66
Performance of Agricultural Tractor
5.2.1 Effect of ballast on tractive performance of agricultural 66
tractor
5.2.1.1 Drawbar pull versus slip 67
5.2.1.2 Drawbar pull versus tractive efficiency 79
5.2.1.3 Drawbar pull versus fuel efficiency 91
5.2.1.4 Drawbar pull versus power delivelY efficiency 99
5.2.2 Effect of tyre size on tractive performance of 107
agricultural tractor
5.2.2.1 Drawbar pu\l versus slip 107
5.2.2.2 Drawbar pull versus tractive efficiency 116
5.2.2.3 Drawbar pull versus fuel efficiency 124
5.2.2.4 Drawbar pull versuspower delivery efficiency 132
5.2.3 Effect of soil condition on tractive performance of 140
agricultural tractor
S.2.3.1 Drawbar pull versus 51 ip 140
5.2.3.2 Drawbar ):lull versus tractive efficiency 148
5.2.3.3 Drawbar pull versus fuel efficiency 1.56
5.2.3.4 Drawbal' pull versus power delivery efficiency 164
5.2.4 Effect of throttle position on tractive performance of 172
agricultural tractor
5.2.4.1 Drawbar pull versus slip 172
5.2.4.2 Drawbar pull versus tractive efficiency 185
5.2.4.3 Drawbar pull versus fuel efficiency 199
5.2.4.4 Dl'awbar pull verslls power delivery efficiency 209
5.3 Selection of Suitable Tractor System Parameters for 220
Particular Soil Condition
VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 230-234
6.1 Experimental Set-up 231
6.2 Zero Condition for Traction Tyres 232
6.3 Performance Evaluation of Agricultural Tractor 232
6.4 Selection of Suitable Tractor System Parameters 233
6.5 Conclusions 233
BIBLIOGRAPHY 235-244
ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH 245
ABSTRACT IN HINDI 246
APPENDICES 247
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Pa2e
1.1 Farm power availability in India 1
1.2 Production and sale of tractors 2
2.1 Front and rear weight distribution 17
4.1 Specifications of the experimental tyres 50
4.2 Engine speed (rpm) at different throttle positions 50
4.3 Average theoretical forward speed at different throttle position 57
5.1 Analysis of variance for tyre, ballast and gear throttle position on 65
forward speed for 12.4·28, 13.6·28 and 16.9-28 tyres
5.2 Mean values showing the interaction effect (two variables) of tyre, 6S
ballast and gear throttle on forward speed (m/s) for tyres 12.4·28,
13.6-28 and 16.9-28
5.3 Mean values showing the interaction effect (three variables) of tyre, 66
ballast and throttle position on forward speed (mls) for tyres 12.4-28,
13.6-28 and 16.9·28
5.4 Analysis of variance for soil, tyre, banast and drawbar pull on per cent 67
slip at 2/3rd throttle position
5.5 Mean values showing the interaction effect ( two variables) of soil, 69
tyre ballast and drawbar pull on per cellt slip at 2/3rd throttle position
5.6 Mean values showing the interaction effect (three variables) of soil, 70
tyre, ballast and drawbar pull on per cent slip at 2/3rd throttle position
5.7 Mean values showing the interaction effect (four variables) of soil, 71
tyre, ballast and drawbar pull on per cent slip at 2/3rd throttle position
5.8 Coefficient of an estimated multiple regression S = alBS + a2DS P + a3BS 72
p2 to describe the response of drawbar pull (daN) all slip (%) for
different tyres (Ploughed soil and 2J3rd throttle position)
5.9 Coefficient of an estimated multiple regression S ::; alBS + a2BS P + a3BS 72
p2 to describe the response of drawbar pull (daN) on slip (%) for
different lyres (Stubble soil and 2/3rd throttle position)
5.10 Analysis of variance for soil, tyre, ballast and drawbar pull on per cent 73
slip at full throttle position
5.11 Mean values showing the interaction effect (two variables) of soi I, 75
tyre, ballast and drawbaJ' pull on per cent slip at full throttle position
5.12 Mean values showing the interaction effect (three variables) of soil, 76
tyre, ballast and drawbar pull on per cent slip at full throttle position
5,13 Mean values showing the interaction effect (four variables) of soil, 77
tyre, ballast and drawbar pull on per cent slip at full throttle position
5.14 Coefficient of an estimated multiple regression S ::::: a),US + at,us P + 78
U3'US p2 to describe the response of drawbar pull (daN) on slip (%) for
different tyres (Ploughed soil and full throttle position)
5.15 Coefficient of an estimated multiple regression S ::; al'US + a2'DS P + 78
a31BS p2 to describe the response of drawbar pull (daN) on slip (%) for
different tyres (Stubble soil and full throttle position)
5.16 Analysis of variance for soil, tyre, ballast and drawbar pull on tractive 79
efficiency at 2/3rd throttle position
5.17 Mean values showing the interaction effect (two variables) of soil,tyre, 81
Ballast and drawbnr pull on tractive efficiency at 2/3rd throttle position
5,18 Mean values showing the interaction effect (three variables) of soil, 82
tyre, ballast and drawbar pull on tractive efficiency at 2/3ro throttle
_position
5.19 Mean values showing the interaction effect (four vnriabJes)of soil,tyre, 83
ballast and drawbar pull on tractive efficiency at 2/3rd throttle position
5.20 Coefficient of an estimated multiple rell:ression S + P + 84
=: allYr!'! a'A'1'fI
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