INFLUENCE OF SELECTED FEED ADDITIVES ON THE GROWTH AND BREEDING OF ...

102 Pages·2017·1.32 MB·English

INFLUENCE OF SELECTED FEED ADDITIVES ON THE GROWTH
AND BREEDING OF GOLDFISH

Thesis submitted in part fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Fisheries Science in Aquaculture to the Tamilnadu Fisheries University, Nagapattinam – 611
001

B. KANNAN, B.F.Sc.
[I.D.No. MFT 12002 (AQC)]

DEPARTMENT OF INLAND AQUACULTURE
FISHERIES COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE
TAMIL NADU FISHERIES UNIVERSITY
THOOTHUKUDI – 628 008.

2014

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DEPARTMENT OF INLAND AQUACULTURE

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “Influence of selected feed additives on the
growth and breeding of goldfish” submitted in part fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of Master of Fisheries Science in Aquaculture to the Tamilnadu
Fisheries University, Nagapattinam is a record of bonafide research work carried out by Mr.
B. Kannan under my supervision and guidance and that no part of this thesis has been
submitted for the award of any other degree, diploma, fellowship or similar titles.

Place : Thoothukudi Dr. B. AHILAN
Chairman
Date :

RECOMMENDED

Place :

Date :
EXTERNAL EXAMINER

APPROVED BY:

Chairman : Dr. B. Ahilan
Professor

Members : Dr. J. Stephen Sampath Kumar
Professor

Dr. S. Athithan
Professor

Place : Thoothukudi
Date :
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I express my heartiest gratefulness to my respected guide,
Dr. B.Ahilan, Professor, Department of Inland Aquaculture for having taken
me as his student. I thank him very much for extending unceasing help,
superior support and well skilled guidance which paved me to carry out the
research work successfully in an enthusiastic way.

I am obliged to Dr. J. Stephen Sampath Kumar, Professor, Department
of Inland Aquaculture and Member of the Advisory Committee for his timely
help and valuable suggestions at every stage. I extend my appreciation and
gratitude to Dr. S. Athithan, Professor and Head, Department of Coastal
Aquaculture and Member of the Advisory Committee for his support and
encouragement throughout my research work.
I wish to extend my sincere thanks to Dr. C.B.T. Rajagopalsamy,
Professor and Head, Department of Inland Aquaculture for his support and
constant encouragement throughout the study period.
Dr. G. Sugumar Dean i/c, FC & RI is lavishly thanked for his
encouragement and support throughout the research work.
I do acknowledge my sincere thanks to the faculty members,
Dr. M. J. Prince Jeyaseelan, Dr. T. Francis, Mr. N. Jayakumar, Mrs.
Manimegalai and Mr. R.K. Ramkumar for their unlimited help throughout
the research work.
I extend my sincere thanks to Mrs. M. Sulochana Karthika, Technical
Assistant, for helping me during sampling time.
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I express my thanks to Mr. R. Kumaresan, Mrs. R. Ezhilrani and other
staff of library for having provided me necessary support with regard to
literature collection.
I also thank Mr. Malaiyalagu and Mr. Aridhas for their assistance in
the field work.

My sincere thanks are due to my friends Prabhakaran,
Parthiban, Artheeswaran, Renganathan, Radhakrishnan, Rajesh,
Manimaran, Vijayarahavan, Faizullah, Karthy, Sivaraman, Subburaj,
Subramaniyan, Vinoth, Sivasankar, Selvaganapathy, Marimuthu, Innocen,
Ramesh, Pavin, Felcy, Poonkodi, Mohlekar, Sudhan, Tirunavukkarasar,
Mouli and Prabhu for their kind encouragement and assistance in completing
this research work.

I gratefully acknowledge my brother Dr.B. Karuppannan and my
sisters for their graceful support

[B. KANNAN]

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ABSTRACT
Title : Influence of selected feed additives on the growth and
breeding of goldfish
Name : B.Kannan
Degree : M.F.Sc., (Aquaculture)
Chairman : Dr.B.Ahilan, Professor
Department : Inland Aquaculture
College : Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi
Year and University : 2014, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Nagapattinam

Ornamental fish keeping is the second largest hobby in the world next to
photography. With the changing mode of life styles and increasing mental tension,
watching the serene beauty of fishes splashing the naturally preserved habitat of an
aquarium tank is the best method of relaxation for both mind and body. It is to be
noted that most of ornamental fish have much higher value than food fish, and may
provide a good alternative livelihood for fishermen. Ornamental fish culture also
ensures socially equitable distribution of benefits along the value chain as this activity
is time bound, labour intensive and livelihood options of vulnerable sections of the
society like housewives and unemployed youth. Indian waters possess a rich diversity
of ornamental fish, with over 100 indigenous varieties, in addition to a similarnumber
of exotic species that are bred in captivity. The growing interest in ornamental fish
keeping has resulted in a steady growth in the ornamental fish trade, along with rapid
developments in breeding techniques, display systems and accessories.Modern
ornamental fish culture and breeding operations, have become vertically and
horizontally intensified, necessitating a continuous supply of nutritionally balanced,
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cost effective feed. In this background the present investigation was designed to
study the influence of selected feed additives viz., fish meal, shrimp head meal and
soy flour on the growth, gonad development and breeding performance of goldfish,
Carassius auratus. Three major feed ingredients were mixed in the feed at three
different concentration viz., 20, 30, and 40%.Every day the fishes were fed at the rate
of 5% of their body weight.The experiment was conducted in the adult fishes for a
period of 60 days and the sampling was carried out once in a fortnight.
In the case of fish meal, the fishes fed with 30 per cent concentration had
highest mean body weight gain (1.966 g) and specific growth rate (0.320), which
ranked first among the three concentrations tried. The mean body weight gain was
five fold higher in 30% concentration when compared to control. In the case of
gonadal maturation, the fishes fed with 40% yielded the best results in both male and
female.With regard to the breeding performance of goldfish fed with different
concentration of fish meal diet, 30% concentration yielded the best result.
Among the three concentrations tried for shrimp head meal, the 40%
concentration yielded the best result with regard to the growth of the goldfish. The
body weight gain were observed to be 1.690 g which was 4 fold higher than that of
the control fish. The specific growth rate of the goldfish at 40% concentration was
calculated to be 0.277.With regard to gonadal maturation, the fishes fed with 20%
protein diet yielded the best result in both male and female fishes.The increment in
GSI was observed to be 0.279 in the case of male and 0.487 in the case of female. The
breeding performance of goldfish was also found to be good at 20% concentration.
The soy flour at 30% concentration yielded the best result with regard to the
growth of goldfish,followed by 40% and 20%. The mean body weight gain was
observed to be 1.351 g which was 2.5 fold higher than that of the control fish. The
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specific growth rate of goldfish at 30% concentration was observed to be 0.247. A
three fold increase in average daily growth was reported in 30% concentration when
compared to control.With regard to gonadal maturation of goldfish,the fishes fed with
40% protein diet yielded the best result in the case of male and 30% in the case of
female fishes.The breeding performance of goldfish was found to be good at 40%
concentrationof soy flour diet.

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1. INTRODUCTION
Rearing of an organism under controlled condition by human intervention is
called as culture. As such, rearing of aquatic life in water is known as Aquaculture.
Aquaculture is a branch of fisheries, solely devoted for rearing of aquatic organism
both the plants and animals for human economic gain in form of profit/ trade/
commerce. Aquaculture can be a potential means of reducing over need to import
fishery products, it can mean an increased number of jobs, enhanced sport and
commercial fishing and a reliable source of protein for the future.
Fish is a rich source of animal protein and its culture is an efficient protein food
production system from aquatic environment. The main role of fish culture is, to
contribute in improving the nutritional standards of the people. Fish culture also helps
in utilizing water and land resources as well. It also provides inducement to establish
other subsidiary industries in this country.
Ornamental fish keeping has been serving as a viable recreation, especially for
hobbyists from time immemorial. The keeping of ornamental fishes is a hobby with
worldwide interest. The first aquarium with plants and fish was set up by the English
naturalist S.H.Ward of London during 1841 (Petrovicky, 1993). Ornamental fish
culture and breeding is not only a hobby, but also, has immense potential for rural
employment. Ornamental fish farming can be a promising alternative for many people
too.
Ornamental fishes are colourful, beautiful and attractive in nature. Hence, they
are called as “living jewels” and they are maintained in home aquarium and in garden
pools for the hobby and enjoying their beauty. The development of tropical fish
keeping as a popular hobby has occurred almost exclusively during the twentieth
century. Prior to this, the difficulties encountered in maintaining aquarium tanks were
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almost insurmountable, while the supply of fish was minimal. The reasons underlying
the boom in tropical aquaria are closely linked to the rapid developments in
technologies which have taken place in the present century.
As far as India is concerned, rapid development in ornamental fish farming
would be a boon to the national economy. Establishment of ornamental fish farms
including hatcheries have now been made by some selected business houses to
diversify their activities. This trend should continue and more ornamental fish farm
should be set up in selective areas. This approach would help to identify diversified
ornamental fishes of natural environments and multiply them suitably so that India
would be able to compete internationally in this trade.
About 600 ornamental fish species have been reported worldwide from various
aquatic environments. Indian waters possess a rich diversity of ornamental fish, with
over 100 indigenous varieties, in addition to a similar number of exotic species that are
bred in captivity. The growing interest in ornamental fish keeping has resulted in a
steady growth in the ornamental fish trade along with rapid developments in breeding
techniques, display systems and accessories. An estimate carried out by Marine
Products Export Development Authority of India showed that there are one million
fish hobbyists in India.
The aquarium fish trade is a large, biodiverse, global industry (Tlusty et al.,
2013) worth around 15–30 billion US$ and involving 5300 freshwater and 1802
marine fish (Hensen et al., 2010). The industry is growing at a rate of about 8%
annually. In the world trade, 60% of the ornamental fishes are of freshwater origin,
30% marine and 10% brackish water origin. Among the freshwater fishes, 60% are
wild caught fishes and the rest 40% are bred in captivity. Globally, there is a steady
increase in the ornamental fish trade due to the enhanced popularity.The demand for
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ornamental fish in the industrialized nations is being met by imports, the volume of
which is increasing yearby year. The largest import markets for tropical fish are U.S.A,
Japan and Western Europe and the individual market share are USA, Japan, Germany,
UK, France, Singapore and others. The biggest exporter of ornamental fishes in the
world is Singapore followed by Malaysia, Indonesia and Czech Republic.
Markets for Indian ornamental fishes have never been consistent, since the
geographical spread of the markets has exhibited an ever changing hue. Singapore,
USA, China, Hong Kong,SAR (Special Administrative Region), Malaysia and Japan
are India’s favourite top five market destinations and accounts for about 70% of total
exports from India. India’s favourite market destination is Singapore accounting for
almost 42.85%, followed by Japan (13.88%),Malaysia (9.97%), USA, China, Hong
Kong andSAR accounting for 7.5% each. Other countries include Germany, United
Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Thailand and Netherlands.
During the year 2010-11, India exported ornamental fish for 1.26 Million USD
which is only about 0.3% of the global trade. Major centers of ornamental fish exports
in India are Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai, Kochi and Bangalore. Kolkata along with
adjoining districts has become the major ornamental fish producing zones of India and
a major export centre. About 90% of Indian exports are from Kolkata followed by 8%
from Mumbai and 2% from Chennai. (Ghosh et al., 2003).
Goldfish (Carrassius auratus) belonging to the family cyprinidae are relatively
small, generally, measuring about five to six inches long, although they often grow
larger in captivity. Though Carrassius auratus is originally distributed in the water of
Eastern Asia, it has been successfully bred throughout the world (Harris, 1987).
Goldfish require little attention to its basic needs. Externally the carp can be
distinguished at a glance from members of the genus (Carrassius) by the presence of
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