infinite personality and finite existence in unger's politics

15 Pages·2003·0.77 MB·English

FALSUEN IVERSALIINTFYI:N ITE
PERSONALAINTDYF INIETXEI STENCE
INU NGER'S
POLITICS
WilliaAm.Ga lston
I.INTRODUCTION
Ad ecaagdDoea, n Bieeallrl g augeadi wnhsahttet ermteh"dem on­
olitvhiieocwfs" o ci1 Wehtayt.emvaeyhr a vbee etnr oufec lasasnidcal
mediceovmamlu nBietcliolen st,e Wnedsetdie,nrn d usstorciiaaerlte i es
characntoebtryi i nzteedg bruabttyd i iosnj,u nTchteiirnsoeo n s .i ngle
spitrhiaatnt i mtahteesssoe c ieRtaitehtseh.rea ,yrd ei viidnedtdio ff er­
enrte alemascg,hu idbeyid to sw np rinctihtpeel ceh:n o-etchoen omy,
operaptriinngoc fiw phliiecse h ffi cietnhpceoy ;lt ihtleye ,g itoifm acy
whiicsbh a soendt hceo ncefrpetae n oedfq ual acnicdtui lzteunrse;,
increadsoimnignblayytt hemedo derindieosafutl n limsietlefd- expres­
sioWni.t htihfrnia sm ewBoerslkul,g geosntceea ddni, s ctehforeln l ow­
insgt rucstouurroacftle e sn siinmo ond esrno cieties:
[B]etasw oecesinta rlu (cptruirmeta ercihlnyo -ewchoinicobshmu irce)a u­
craatnihdci eraracnhadip coalwlih,ti ybc ehl ifoervmeasli,lne y q,u ality
anpda rticbieptawtaeis eoonnc s;it arlu tchtiauostrr eg anfuinzdeadm en­
talilnty e romfrs o laenssdp eciaalniadzc autlitwouhnri,iec cs ho ncerned
witthhe en hancaenmfudel nfitl lomfte hnsete a lnftd h "ew hopleer"s on.
Int hecsoen tradoincpete irocnemsia,vno eyfts h lea tseonctci oanlfl icts
thahta vbee eenx preisdseeodl oagsai lciaelnldayet pieorns,o nalization,
[antdha]et toanca ku tho..f.i.t y
2
RobeUrntgoep rr'osji enPc otl iittsio ac rsgt uheta hte csoen tradic­
tiocnabsne o vercSopmeec.i Ufincgacelorln yt,te hntadhtspe r inocfi ple
whaBte clall" lcsu l-ttuhreeen "h ancaenmfudel nfitl lomfte hnsete lf­
itsh aex airso uwnhdia clohlf s ocimeutsbyter econstErcuocntoemdi.c
rolaenshd i eratrhccahotin essts realifn- exmpursbeteds issimoann tled.
Legal-confosrtmtisht rauetts ittorhnfrieaec pletl oafty h heu mainm agi­
natmiuosnbt er econsFtoirttuutneUadnt.ge aelrryg ,ut eoas c,c noorrd­
matipvrei mtaocs ye lf-aissns oettro ts iuornr eontdhederer s irable
featoufmr oedse lrni feP.l asntoinch,i ereacrocnhoiimncisactl i tutions
arneo mte rceolmyp awtiitbbhula tec tunaelcleysfo srta harety t ainment
I D.B ELLT,H EC ULTURACLO NTRADICTOIFOC NASP ITAL(IS1M9 76).
2I da.t1 4.
FalseUn iversality 15
ofm aterpiraols perRiitgyh.t s-pboalsietdii ncsatli tcuatnib oern esd e­
signteoda ccommodtahtede e mocrcaltaiscoh fi maginaptriovjee cts
whilper eserivnidnigv isdeucaulra igtayi tnysrta nWney n.e ende ither
embratchere i goorfcs i vic-repvuibrlttiuoace ca hni deveem ocrnaocry
accetphtre e pressiovfte hnPeer sost esettahtniotec n suprreo spetrhiet y;
moderniisdteo aflp ersolniable rawtiilbolefun n ctioinnea vle srpyh ere
ofl ifeW.e cani,ns horrte,a ltihzoeel Edn lightednrmeeanomtfa r a­
tionsaolc iienwt hyi cohu mro sttr easguoraealdrs ne o l ongienur l timate
conflict.
Fromt hinso rmatviavnet apgoei nUtn,g elra uncahv eisg oraotu­s
tacoknc ontempolriabrepyro alli t(iHeeas c.k nowledgdeose-nsbo utt
dweloln -parafalilleilno gfMs a rxist-LseonciineitsUitne gse.cr)o n­
tentdsh aWt e stesmo cieatrifreeo sz einn troi griodl aensdh ierarchies.
Politsiycsatleo mfcs h ecaknsdb alanicmepse bdoet dhe mocrsaetlifc­
expresasnideo gna litsaorciiraaenlc onstrAu cctoimobni.n aotfsi oocni al
rigidpiotlyi,tg irciadll aoncdki ,m aginasttiuvlet ifilcoactklisio bne ral
poliitnitcfuost iclyec loefrs e foramn dr etrenchEmveenEntu .r opean
socidaelm ocracyf-utlhlreee satl izoaflt iiboenar sapli ratiotnos -fails
libertahteie n dividpuraalc'tsie cmaolt,i oannadcl o,g nictaipvaec ities.
Fort herseea sownecs a,n nboets atiswfiietadhp rogroafim n cremental
changpeusr sutehdr oucguhr riennstt ituRtaitohnewsre.m, u sste etko
destabtihleisizene s tituitnoi rodnestr om ovet owartdh eriard ical
transformation.
Iti sn omty p urpoisnte h iEss satyos ubjUencgte rc'osn crpeotlei t­
icaaln alyasnedps r opotsoad lest aislcerdu tFionrty h.re e coIrs dh,o uld
satyh ahti asc couonfrt o laensdh ieraricsuh nipeesr suianis tidsve en ial
oft hceo nsideflruaibdlcieht ayr actoefrm iosdteimsc o cioecontohmaite s;
hicsr itoifqp uoel itcihceacalkn sdb alanicsbe lsi bnodt thot heciarp acity
fors trodnegm ocraacttiicao nndt ot heaibri ltiopt ryo tiencdti viduals
agaicnosltl etcytriavnean nydt; h ahti asc couonfrt e forcmy cliegsn ores
thwea yisn w hiclhi besroacli ehtaivebese enno ncycltircaanlslfoyr med
ovetrh pea scte ntuMroyr.e ovtehrpe,r actliecsasolof rn e cegnetn era­
tioinsts h aatg grescsoinvtee fomrps to cidaelm ocrdaoceyns o ptr omote
thfuel fillmoefrn atd iacsapli ratTihoeen ffso.tr ot" leoavpe rs"o cidael­
mocraicsmy o rlei ketlopy r odutcrea diticoonuanltiesrtr etahcatni on
culturreavlo lutIinso hno.rU tn,g erp'rse scrirpetsoitnoa n dsr amati­
calfllayw eddi agnoofsc iosn temposroacriyet thyem;yi nisttoie lrtl hse
vereyx istoefnw chei cmho sitn diviwdouuallddse nyA.s I s haalrlg ue,
thigsu lbfe tweUenng erv'iss iaonndo rdincaornys cioufosrnceehssis s
argumienne tl iatnidsc to ercdiivree ctriaodnisca atol dldyws i thhi psr o­
fesseidn tentions.
UngerPo'list icsi sa na mbitiaotutse mtpoct o mbitnhese y nopetxi­c
planactloariyom fms o dems ocitahle owriytt hh neo rmataisvpei rations
oft raditpioolniatplih ciallo soWphhiyle.ea cohft heeslee mednetsse rves
16 WillAi.Ga aml ston
fulelx ploiritats th cieoo mnp,rl eelxao tfUin ognet rh'osut goth hnteo r­
matpihviel ostorpahditichtsaaieltor nav ste hsfoe c uosfm yr emarks.
Thneo rmasttirovaUfenn dg ewro'rmska byed escarsai nbe effdo rt
tor estthofoerr emo fc lassicpahli lpoobsluowitpit hatiynhca, anc ltl ia s­
siccoanlt Uenngtee.nr d otrhsceel sa ssstircaaatdl ee gsyc:r oifip nt­ion
divihduumaafllno uriosrhh aipnpgia nste hbseas s foiras n ormative
accooufsn otc iBeuthtyer . e jtehccetl sa sdseipciaoclfst tirounc tured,
delihmuimtnaeandt iunfar veo orfa p ost-Cmhordiesrntaiicsactno ,u nt
offr euen,b ouhnudmepaden r sonality.
Thrkeeefey a tuorfUe nsg etrh'osue gxhptrh eifissds e ltiott hye
classicAagla itpnhrsseott jr eicoctfMt.a u crheisaa nvMdea lrlxi-i bnu t
liwniett hhte h inokfae nrtsi quityt-hhnaeot r miantsiivset s social the­
orcyu lmiinanac toenscv riesotiafeog no osdo c(iiecntl ya ssicaa l terms,
"utopLiiakA"er) i.s thoeat rlgetu,he tasht ge o osdo ciiesjt uys tified
throiutpgsrh o petnops eirtamyni pdtr omiontdei veiuddaueamlon ia.
FinallilPkyle,a h tebo e,l itehvtaehtsse t ruocfst oucrmieie rtryto hres
struocftt husere telh fta,ht pe o lictoimcmauilnts ih hteuy m saonwu rli t
large.
Att hsea mtei mUen,g ceorn temprteujoteuhccsetll say s asci­cal
couonfht u mnaant uarnwedi, ti htt ,hc el asdseipciaoclftt higeoo no d
soci"e[tTyc].lh aes msoircaalldi ozcitnorgift n hveeis rt uaentsdh e
vicheesd ,e"c laarraees sp,e coif"e ssu pesrfiecnitailm e3 nTthael ity."
decisiwviett hhb erdseoeac kt rinreesv-otlhuveti ieoowfhn uamrayn
exisdteevneclbeoyt p hgeerd e at modaenrnadiu stth oa"rr[sto-i]isnste s
oft hmeo sitm poretvaennttth she i isontfm o ordye crnu lt.u Cr.oe m..­
parweidtt hhm iosd ernviiseotwft hsee elafr,il miaeogrfem sa nl ook
shodadnuydn conv4i Ansacr iensgtu.hlc"etl ,a scsoinccaeolpsf to icoin­
etwyh,i ccuhl miinnaa nta ecdc ooufnn att uorradalen rhd i erarchy,
musbtes upplbayfon rtmeosdfs ocoiragla niczoamtpiawotinitt bhhl ee
modernriesvto lution.
Thies omorbpehtiwsseemael nnfsd o crieeostntyt s ht er ourbellead­
tiboent wfoeremna tive asnfotdrr mueacdct tuirveUisnt grieeerjs e.c ts
thper imoafcc hya roarco tffie xreh da,b iptautatloe fbrn esh aivni or
favoorfa fl uid ctaoap coatnci imtayg iannaddte isoiSnri em.i lhae rly,
rejaes chtadsri ps tibnecttwsietoeancnb o lnes tiitnusttiioatnnuadtl i ons
thvea gaorfoi redsi pnoalriiytnfa i vcoosrfa c onticnhuaurma cterized
throubgyoh poeuntan nerdse sv isTaobb iesl uirhteeyt, .e mpmeords­
erniicsotn owcilttahhsa emn tiskcelpattihimsac otam ilen divviidru­al
tueasnc do lleicntsitviceta ubnte ir oantsi odneaflelnBydu ettdh .e
defernessoetnt s hm eo derpnriesmttih saet pienrfisnoicntaanenle ivteyr
adequbaect oenltyai inan nseyed ot fr ulreoslo,ers s t,r uctures.
Thearrete eh,n t,w doi stsitnacntdfr poomwi hnitUcsnh g enro'rs-
at2 97.
4I da.t2 96.
3 PASSION
FalsUen iversality 17
matitvhee omrayybe questiFoinreosdnt.me, a yr ejtechtve e rpyr oject
ofc onstrauncjtdui sntgi afyiu ntgo paisua n grouanndudes de lAelstse.r ­
nativoenlemy a,ya ccetphtge e neurtaolp sitarna tbeugctyr ,i titchiez e
specciofinct oefnU tn gevri'ssi on.
ThiEss saayd optthsle a ttaeprp roaIcs hh.a clrli tiUcnigzeer 's
modernciosntc epotfti hosene alsfb eiunngd udliys miosfsi invdei vidual
charaacntcdeo rn tempotfeu voeursy ldiafIyse h.a clrli thiiccsio znec ep­
tioonfs ocifoerti ytf sa iltuogr rea tshpje u stifiocfha iteiroanar nctdhh ye
requireomfoe rndteAsrt t. h sea mtei mmey,o bjecttoit ohcneos n toefn t
hiasr gumaernitis nte h ceo ntexact o nosfi desryambplafoetr hi yti sn ­
tentainodfon r m.
II.THEV ISIONARY/UTOFPOIRAMNO FU NGER'S WORK
Toa vomiids underslteamtne de innugm,e rtahptere e mises of Un­
ger's artghuaIsmt he annltol qt u estIis ohnag.lr la (natos t hemrasyn ot)
thaitit sp osstiobg lieva ena ccounhtu moanfna tuorrpe e rsontahlaitt y
isn osti mply rteoal p aatritvietc iumlea,r apnldca icrec,u mstthaantc e;
oncea mno vfreo mt haicsc otuonm to raclo ncluasbiooiunntsd ividuals,
am ovememnetd iabtyet dhm eo rawle igahctc ortdohe udm asnt riving;
andt haotn cea fnu rtmhoevrfre o mt hinso rmataiccvoeou fnt th ien di­
vidutaotl h jeu stifiocfaa t sipoenc viifisci ooftn h geo osdo cieItny .
shorIwt o,u ladg rweiet Uhn getrh avti sio(noarir,nmy y t erm"su,t o­
5
piant"h)o uigshb to tthh eoretpiocsaslailnbydpl rea ctinceaclelsys ary.
Moshtu maanc tiiosbn o tcho nscainodup su rposHiovwee.v er,
thetsweoe lemednont osct o exhiasrtm onicoounsslcyi;o duissnseoslsv es
ouirm mediuantree,fl epcutripvoecs eirvtea lienatvydi,on ugba tnd i rres­
olutiMoonr.ap lh ilosiostp hhveye ctsourmo ft hdee struocfot uiro n
immedipautrep oasnedos u re ndurnienegfod r g rounodfas c tiIotns.
objeicstt op rovriedflee cgtriovuenc dasp aobflw ei thstasnkdeipntgi cal
corrosUitoonp.it ahno uigsht thp eo litbircaanolcfm h o raplh ilosophy.
Utopiaarisem agoefis d ecaolm muniuttioepsti;ha onu gmhatk es
explaincdji uts ttihfibeea ss uepso wnh icshu ccho mmuniatrhieee lstd o
Republic
bei deaFlo.re xampPllea,t o's contabionttshh iem agoefa
class-dciovmimduenadin tdayd efeonfts hepe r incoifps lpeesc ialization
andm eritotchraautcn yd ertlhiadeti vision.
Utopitahno upgehrtf otrhmrsre eel aptoeldi tfiucnaclt iFoinrisst.t ,
guidoeusrd eliberwahteitohinen,dr e viscionugr osfea sc tioorin n
choosaimnogne gx ogendoeufisnlaeyld t ernatSievceoisntj.d u ,s tifies our
actitohngesr; o unodfas c tiaornre e astohnasot t heorusg httoa ccept
and-giovpeenn naensdts h free edotmor eflectb-ceal ne tdo a ccept.
Thiridts, e rvaests h bea sfoirse valuaetxiinsigtn isntgi tauntdpi roancs-
5T hfoel lorweimnagar rbasedke s onm yp revwiooruWks.,G ALSTOJNU,S TAINCDTE H E
HUMAGNoo D1 4-3116-(,31 29 80).
18 WilliAa.Gm a lston
ticTehsle.o cculsa sistsih Rceeu psu bilinwc h,it chhce o mpliedteieasdl
deplionyP eladt moe'mso rcarbilteoi fiq mupee rrfeegcitm es.
Utoptihaonu agthtte tmosp ptesca injfduy s tthipefr yi ncoifap les
comprehgeonospdio vleioltryid cWeahrla. t etvheebria rst ehsep,sr ei n­
cipslheascr eer tgaeinnef reaalt ures.
Firustto,pp irainn cairupenl ievse vrasliaintld hl eiyin rt enbtoitohn ,
tempoarnagdle loyg raphically.
Secotnhided, oe fat hgeo oodr daerrio sueotsfo uerx perbiuetn ce,
doensom ti riritona r n syi mwpalayen idns o cti rcumbsyci rtIi.mb ­ed
aginamtaiyco onm beilneem oefen xtpse riineatnn oce etw o tatlhiatty
hanse veexri srteeadss;oe ne,kt iorn egc otnhcceio lnet raodfie cxtpieo­ns
riemnacyet ,r ansimteuslt eem ents.
Thiurtdo,pe ixaiissns t p eetchhae;ry" e c iotfwi oersd Tsh.i"dso es
nomte atnh atth ecya nneoxtio sntlt,yh atth enye endo etx iTshti.s
6
"counterfoafuc ttouipannil oawi atiyym "p eidteesvs a lufuantcitvieo n.
Fouruttho,pp irainn cmiapcylo emtseob er ealiinhz iesdta onridyt ,
mabye p osstiopb olitenor t e foarlc peuss hiintn hgda itr ecBtuiotou nr.
approofvau a tlo ipnsio alt o gilcianltkloety dh c el atihmha its tiosr y
brinugsci lnogts oieo trr t oa ni dentiofifac nea xtiisobtnai sfonirgts h e
transforamcattitiohvnwaesot u blrdi initgn bteoi nCgo.n verhsiesl­y,
tocrayn vnaolti pdraitnecb iyip tlsTeehslme fo .v emoefhn its t(oiiriftys
am eanitnogtfualil nai ntsyye nmsaeyb) e fr omt hmeo rteot hlee ss
desirtahpberl oev;e drubsitmabaliyc n o ntmauiconhfe nduwroirntgh .
Fifatlht,h noouctgo hn fitnoae cdt euxails ttehpnerc aec,it nitceanl­
tioofnu torpeiqau tihraiebttse c onstrbaypi onsesdi Ubtiolpiiitsay .
realiints htiaiattcs suhmuemsaa nn mda teprrieaclo ntdhiaattrie o ns
neitlhoegrin coaerlm lpyi riimcpaolslesyvi etbnhl oeut,gh hes iirm ultane­
oupsr esmeanbyce be o tuhn liakneldla yr bgeeyloyhn udm acno nttroo l
effect.
Possiibsail liimticyto inndgio tfui toonpt ihaonufo grht twr oe a­
sonFsi.ri saftn i, m agsitnaeotdfae ff aiinsro spt o ssiictba lnens,oe tr ve
asa g rouonfcd r itiIctwi osumbl.eda bsutrodd r eoafma w orilnd
whiwcehn ol onngeeerdt eoed aa tn,td h etnoc rithiucmiabznee i onng s
thbaats foirms a nifedsetpienngad neddne cset rucitnti hvereienrle as­s
titoofon o dT.h icsr itoefpr oisosni ebmielriignmte oysr tahle iontr hye
printchi"apotlu egi hmtp lciaenOs.b "l igcaetaiisonten hsfa e c oef i m­
possiabnipdlr iaatinysbd,el aamrene o atp plitcoaa cbotlrese v eonvtesr
whitchhae g ecnathn a vneoc ontSreoclo.an nid m,p ossstiaobtfale fe ­
faiirnsso atna pproopbrjioeafect nted eaavntodhr e,r iensfoo ratse u ita­
blgeu ifodrep ractAisAc rei.s ptooitnloteue wtde,m ayl onfogrt he
imposbsuiwtbe cl heo,oa snaedc itnt hbee ltiheoafut gr o iapslo ssible.
Actgiuoinbd yel do ngfoirtn hgie m poslseiaebdilstet h ode ers poarti ·ora
frenozfdy e strruacgatetti hvweeo rlpde'rsm arneesnits Uttaonpciea.n
See 592abt2, 3 (8G .MG.rAu.tb rea 1n9s7.4 ).
6 PLATOR,E PUBL§I C
19
FalseUn iversality
serioiutssh mneee asbnse twaeebns tnreagcaattn itdoh cney noircu anl­
thinakcicnegpo taffan cctei city.
Thdei fficiudsle ttye rtmhileni imonifpgt o ss siabc iolnicttehypa,tt
hamsa ndyi ffemreaennitnS gosm.e tihsi ngp osswihbeilncte a n
logically
bec oncewiivtehcdoo untt raBduiatcs,tK iaonotnb .s earl voegdi,c ally
possciobnlcee pt
manyo ntehl ee bes asn e mpctoyn cuenpltte,hso esb jecrteiavolefti htey
syntthhersoiwushg ihtc hhce o nciesgp etn erhaabtsee edsn pe cifically
provaensddu; cp hr o..o . fr estosnp rincoifpp olsesesix bpleera inedn ce,
nootnt hper inocafin pall(eyt lshaieows fc o ntradTihiciastsw i aornni)n.g
agaairngsutdi inrgefr cotmtl hlyeo gpiocsaslio bfci olnictteotyp h trese al
possiobfti hli7in tgys .
Wem acya alnol b joefpc ots seixbpleer iencep ossNiobtl e.
categorically
everyctahtienggop roiscshaiolbwlleyeiv ,se r, possIitb le.
nomological/y
isc ategoproiscsafoilrbel lxyea ,m tphlateth,c e o nstianwn etlsl -en­
trenlcahowenfsda tcuoruebl eod t htehrta hnae rybe u;frt o mas cientific
standtphoecisonent s atrabenr tufastc etl si,m itthriean ngog fce a usal
eveannthdsu miannt ervFeinntainlooelntvys e,.r yntohmionlgo gically
possiisb le possRiebllaett.oaig vievs eeontffa ctass ,t aotfe
practically
affamiarbysei mpostsoai tbtelaveite nhn,o aun gohm olopgoiscsailbllye
alteorfta htoifasocentw so urledn idpotes rs iTbhlceeo .n coefpp rta cti­
caplo ssihbabisol tithte yc hnoalnopdgo ilciaatplip clailcG aitvieonn .
preskennotw laendtdge ec hniiitqis um epso,st sofli ytb oSl ier giiuvse;n
prescehnatl lreenoagrple e sr,c eiiitvis em dp,o stsopi ebrlseCu oand­e
gretsoms a kaen inpeetrycc euintntt h dee febnusdeg et.
Wem anyo swa tyh aap to listtioacatfaffe la i iasrfa sn twahseyin it s
logiocrca altleyg obrunitoc ntao lmloyl,o pogsisciaIblitllas eyu .,t opia
wheinit ns o molopgoiscsawilhblelytoe hr,ne orit it ps r actpiocsaslil­y
blTeh.ge a bpe twneoemno laongpdir caaclpt oiscsaiilbts ih slepi hteyr e
ofs erpiooluisat citciaoln .
Ungwearv iehnri sas c cooupfno ts siabsali ilmiitctyoi nndgoi nt ion
utopOinta h.oe n hea nhdei, n stihstathtse i rnseo c ontext-independent
conceopfpt oisosni Tbhiiplsri otpyo.sc iotmiboiwnni,eth dhiu sn der­
stanodcfio nngta esrx atdsii cnaclolmywp oluesltedeet ,mou ndearncyu t
deteramcicnoaoutfpne ot s siabsaic lointsyto rnua tionpttih aonu ght.
8
Ont hoet hhearnU dn,g deerp laco oynsc eopfpt oisosnia bsais ltiatny­
darfodrp refersroimunetg o ptiooa tsh e"rSst.a bhieil nistiiyass, t"s ,
kecyr ite"rAsi oocsnic:ah lei umsne s taibiflfat ei tlors e cwkiotbnhe ­
haviporreadli soprom saittecirooinnassltt rhawaiotnr ttkods i sir"tu9 .p t
Ins hotrhateb, s tcroarcrte spoofaun tdoepnviciaeswn ii ootnnh e p'rse ­
ferirdeedia snl oset n outgovh a litdhavatites iIotan l.ms uos mte et
7 I.K ANTC,R mQUEO FP URER EASONA 597-B6a2t55 0,n3 . ( N.KS.mi tht rans.1 96(52)edd .
1787).
8 SocIATLH EORaYt1 731,8 4.
9 PASSIONa t4 8.
WilliAa.Gm a lston
c2e0 retmapiincr oincdailIt npi roancstt.hi eUcnne,g,p e rro cieanem dasn ­
netrh iacsto nsiwsitttehhtne rt a doifut tiooptnih aonu Bguhhtti a.sp ­
pareenmtb roafca es pecuinfidce rstoafpn odsisnisgbt ialinindt sy
tensinooontu- tirfci ognhttr adihcitbsil oann-kweitot fchro enj­ection
text-incdoenpceenopdfpte oinsotsn isb ility.
III.
THEM ODERNIASCTC OUNOTF P ERSONALITY
I tnuomfrw o mt hvei sionarfoyr/mou fUt nogpeairra'gnsu tmoe nt
itmso dernistT hcisosen ctdteeinaowtlni.s tt hhm eo dernisto fa ccount
persoTnhafoell iltoysw.ei cnttgui rnotsnot hmeo dernaicsctoo ufsn ot­
cieTthyEe.s scaoyn clwuidtsehos mg ee nerreaflle cotnmi oodnesrn ist
theory.
FoUrn gtehree,s seonfhc uem paenr sointsah liaiittt"s yi nfinite."
Itha tsh cea patcoti rtayn saclcelon ndt terxatoisfct: hs a ramcotrearl,
rulpeosl,ii tnisctailct ougtnisiottnrisuv,ce et tuNcro.oe nsce,o ntiesx t
hospittota hfubell rlea nogfpe r acptaiscsailo,n atoerp, h iplool­itical,
sopphriocj tehcpatetsr socnaainlm iatgTyih niiens.fi niniso tjtyu asnt
abstcraapcatbb iulti-ttihoynel, l d a ngoufta eglee oliomgmya-naenn t
impualsws eelT lh.he e aolfet ahci hn divpiedrusaoilnis an lciotmyp ati­
blwei tihta sc cepotfta hnceco en stirnahienirtnses pn etcc iofinct exts.
Indeveidpc,se y,c hoillolganinescdsia sml,up nlhea papriaenlc elos nss e­
quenocfte hfasei ltuorr eel tiheteve en sbieotnwp eeernsd oensaailnr de
contextualM ocdoenrnvsiitssrtia oiinndater.ni taeinsfisd et dr uggled
witthhti esn sTihoesnit.rr umgaghyla evt ea ktehfoner mo fa na rtistic
friinncg oen flwiictbtho ursgoecoiiBesut ityti .sn nmeera niiasnu gn i­
vertsraualtb hot uhhteu mcaonn diTthiveoa ngb.uu setp reaapdpirneg­
hensoitfoh tnir sui tnsho e wv okdiinsgqa unlidoe ntga imnomgne gan n d
womeenv erywhere.
Ungemro'dse rancicsootufp n etr sorneasoltnais s t hya drips tinc­
tiboent w"ecehna raanc"dts eerlC"hf a.r"a ictsth seeeor tf r outinized
habaintddsi spotshicathtia onninsne dli vbiedhuaiavnlifit oxore p da t­
ternSse.ol nft ,ho et hhearni dts,h d eu caalp atcori etjryeo cuttp iante­
ternosfc ondaunctdtoi magainnadec o tna lterntaott hie1vm0e. s
Thidsi stipnrcotvtiihodpeneo sio nfdt e parfotrmu yrc er itoifq ue
modernTihsaimtn. d ivhiadvauce aa lpsat coqi uteysa tnido nr evise set­
tlfeeadt uorfte hse ir exibsedt eenniBceueUdt n.c g aesnren'posat r ation
ofs ealnfcd h ariafascr tt eosroh aHripts.h eisrsie sm inoifKs acnetn'ts
bifurcbaettiwpoehnee nn oamnetdnr aaln scceonndsecnitaoanulds ness,
ietn coutnhsteae mrdesi fficuOluttrir eaosifc.t h sa raarcnetor eter l ated
too uerx isitnet nhmceoe d oefe xteprnoasls eosrps hiyosniso logical
stimTuhletisr.ea a irnteos wt h awte and burta twhheawrte
Ouird enatspi etrisaeorscne os n stliatrubgtyele ledya rn eidn hoerr ­
itpeadt toefbrn esh avTihcoeor n.hs acviteof huesasettnlr e,us agsgg altiehnses ste
are.
10 a1t0 1911,11 ,4 .
Id.
FalsUen iversality 21
pattneernvse ritishm eplleisicsnta hteePmde. r scohnaarnleg senu oltt s
fromas truogfsg eallgefa cihnasrta bcurttae trfrh,oe marm obilization
ofs omter aoifct hsa raacgtaeiornt shteA rmsb.i tciabonen m adteo
countselroatcht; c aconov uerrascgohema em e.
Eveinwf e g raUnntg edri'sst ibnecttwrieooeunnt icnhiazreadc ter
anfldu isdei ldtfo ,en sofo tl ltohwta htle a tittseob r eg ivneonr mative
prefeTrhemene crfaeec. tt h waeta raeb tloeu p sseett ptaltetdie nrn s
favoorfn eewx perdioenenoscmt ee sat nh waets hoduols doT .h faec t
thtahtie m agicnaacnto iuonnt ietrstpeomol osfrer a ulld eosne osmt e an
thtahte rsuels ehso buelt dr ansgArtoe nspeso eidUn.nt g,ce hra racter­
iztehsve i eowfi ndivbiedhuauavnlid oerrh lipysri onpgpo osleidit ni­cal
stitaust" itohanebs it loei nttye farnttaaiasnbi oepusot s sfoirbmolsfe
self-eoxrpa rsessoscaiinoatdntol i iotvnhe e omu t.T"hiasb ilhiet y,
11
contiitnshu "eed si,u rnal forrse opcelitioaifewflt h iatothnM e a rqduei s
Sadree commfoerns detexhd:se t reennuloaursog fee nmaecnptto esds i­
biliTtoyt .hI iw so urledp tlhyei:rns eo m orseo ltaobc efoe u nidn
thteo tlailb eroaffat nitoatnsh yai nni ttso traelp resmsaixoiInm - a
"12
wouhladvt eh ouegmhetrc gleesea nroluiygn dh eS adoew'tnse xts.
Thpiso imnatby e b roadUenngepedrr.o jaeb cotusn dhloesstsi lity
tot h"ev asspti rsiltouatanh"ld"o verwhaeplamttihhnyaag"lt l egedly
charaocrtdeirhniuazmreeay xn p eriReenjceetc.htseio nlmga ocsoetf
usfi nidno rdeerxeids hteei nncsteih,sta touts n derdsetea"pniladsyl ­
13
waytsos etehs ee tfrtolmte hdae n golfte hu en settHleee vdfie.nn"d s
int hfoer cidbelset roufec vteiropynad tatyte hrnfoesu notfm orianl­
14
sight:
[T]ghreo owtfth hte r ansfoarnemdni nnogpb alsisn.ig.ao .nn tdsh a eb ility
oft hepsaes stiopo ennse tthrcear tuoesfe t v erpyedracye apnthdia obni t
seetmdo e puepnodln oa snssd a cr.i fi.[c T.e]p h.re i mfoarrmoy lf o asnsd
sacriitsfih sceae c raintfidhc leeo osfys o usre tptllaiecnadse e twtolreldd .
Thitsh eeiv set nhtaa ltl yoowtusdo i stitnhggeou frliodsm h ttihnets heel :
opportoufhn uimtcaionen sn efrcotmti hofoenr mosfe stabsloicsiheetdy ,
antdh dei scloofis nucroensgi rnusooirugd shi ts obdeedsifrieornmtet h e
distraanctdth nieao rnco ofhs aibsi t.
Sos teelwaorerenk neorbbsylu ende mploHyumsebnaatnn?wdd is v es
15
areen nobbysl headt tdeirvionrPgca ersea?nre tens n obbytl hedede ath
ofc hildLreebna?nc oint'iaszr eeenn nso bbylc eidvw ialrT ?h meo st
charirteasbptlooeUn nsgee prr'osp oissti htdaiitos na ssttreern gthens
somoeft heusnefo rthuunmaatbnee ibnugdtse sttrhooeyt sh eAr s.
frankreers piotsnh shaeitp s r opoisasic tliaeosxnsa imcop ftl hee oretical
deducstwiaomnpe ixnpge rtireunAttshfoi r.at lha el lpehgaerdm acolog-
11F ALSNEE CESSaIt5T 7Y9 .
12U ngeirn cltuhdpiedas s sianagw ei dely-cmiarncuuslocafrFtA iedLSp EtN ECESSdIeTlYe,t ing
iotn liynt hfien aplu blivsehresdHi aodin bee.tn retaiiwtno edu,hl adv aep peaart5ed 7 9.
13 PASSaItO1 N6 5.
14 SOCIATLH EOaRtY6 5.
15 PASSaItO7 N3 .
22 WilliAa.Gm a lston
icparlo peorfht aibteihstre ,e lemnotdleernsqisus efotsr pt e aekx per­
ienicmseo sro efa n arctohtatinhcs e t apbaltet oefdrn asil licyfo eu ld
evbeer.
Thper efeforrte hnuecn es eotvttelhrese de ttthlieem dp,ut lois me­
agiannetd oa cotu cto ntext-tsrmaansshgiirisnen gsd sceiheoadnr sa,c ­
teriosfmt oidce rnairsttia suttsha,on rrdse ,v olutBiuoUtnn agreire s.
misttahkpeea fosrr tt hweh olHeic.sr iteircriiotsaroa l s sutmhteah te
motiavnsedas t isofafact tiienolynsi sot mee choonws ttih(tehu itded en)
esseanndcdee s oifar lhelu mbaeni nAgw so.rr leds trtuoca tcucroemd­
modatthieec onoccrlaavsoitmfnio gcds e rnviissti oinaswa orrifrleodsm
whiecvhe reylowsnoeeu r ledc iondi rle Maods.ht u mbaeni finngsdsa t­
isfacwtiitoshnei tnct olnetdae nxedtx sp ertihdeein screu opftt hioosne
contneoxattse s m powebrumrtea nttah,sde erp rivTahetevi eorny.d ay
litfheUa ntg heorli dsnsu ccohn tiensmo pttthi em posoitfth fieeo ownn
thmea nIyrt.e tiatcisun ss tofomrampr rye cbiesceailuitytss he me o de
ofe xisbteessnutci teto te hdoe v erwhmealjmoiornftigh ht euy m raanc e.
Moderntiysptisrc eaplrlteyhs eemnstae stl hvveae nsg oufba rroda d
popumloavre meInnrt esa.hl oiwteymv,oe dre,rn iiassn em l diotcet rine
anpdr acmtaiscqeu earspa odpiunlgMi osdme.rnn iosvtae nlmdsu sic
havfaei lteoad t taanimyne asumraasibsnl fleu sepnacwein,ni sntage ad
spbleittw tehieecn o notcalsaotsfaetn sia cr reolwai nttdeh een during
popudleamrafo nrnd a turaanltdio snmaM loidteaymr.s t c,u lpatnudr e,
archihtaevacect huiraeeg v reedma etaesrou far cec epbtuaotnn cbleyy,
shedtdhieanidgrv ersstaarnicaebl o tuorwcgauerlodati nusdr eb ecoming
either efucnocntoiomorvin icasaluld alelycl oyrI annt oii vnes.th aansc e
moderntirsamn stfohrbemr eopdau db oluitclw ohoirkce,hm aeisntsh eti­
calalnmydo raclolnys ervative.
Theretfootr heeex, t tehnmatot d erncirsamtv reasn sfoerffim­ative
caciyitd,s r itvoewna" rrde vofrloumat bioovne "i-stt,oh waactro edr ­
cioInti.n s o a ccitdheiannitt tr sa aggea itnhssett o pleirds iosft ence
boursgoecoiimesot dye,rnh iasrsme peafltierwdtilefatydsh c iNsomir.s
iatn a ccitdheUannttg epro'lsim toidcearnloi sstme,jn ussitbiiltnfiyh e ed
namoef t hger eaptoessstoi pbelnent eois nsd iveixdpuraels sion,
culmiintnah fotere csid belset routfcr taidoiwnta iyooslfn iaUfeln. g iesr
admiracbhliyl-liifn golnty h-cpiaosni dnitd:
[P]ehoapv.le e a. l w.ap yutsth esierno sfbe a ssiecc uirnti htmeya inte­
nanocfpe a rtiscoucrlioaalrjle o sba,sn ,wd a yosfl ifeA.n ya ttetmoip nt­
dultgheic so nceopfts ieocnuw roiutlpydr oivnec ompwaittithbh lee
instiotftu hteeim opnosw deermeodc arnawdci ytt hhp ee rsaonnsdao lc ial
idetahlaistn sptihre.em .[ P.] eco.ap anln esd h ouwledat nh emselves
awafryo ma r estrriicgtiidvvieify,eoi wfwn hge trhees yh ouplldat chee ir
senosfpe r ote1c6t ion.
Theayn di,nf o tth etyh,ec ihri lwdirdleilns ctohvatethrs e e cutrhiatty
mattdeorensso r te qutihmreae i nteonfaan nacrer doewfilnyme oddo ef
16FA LSEN ECESSIaT5tY 2 4.
FalsUnei versality 23
lifTeh.er yeac ht hciosn cluisnpi aor.nt. b .y a wakentioanc go ncepotfi on
thpeer sonaalsboi tthyd ependeunptoc no ntaenxdst t rengtthhernoedu gh
contsemxats hing.11
Tos ummatrhisiztser oafnU dn gearr'gsu mmeodnetrn,is sotc ial
theroersoytn as n ormactoinvceeo pfpt eirosno tnhaialvstia tlfoyir d,
anbdi nduiponneg,v eryToodnaeys.,o moefu sa cctehpcitos n ception
whiolteh setrusb broernsilityWs. it t hsiuni tcaobnlsyt irnuscttietdu ­
tiowneas l,wl i( lelv enctoumateloe l xyp)e rtihceeon rcree ocftt hnee ss
modernviisstiA onndi. nt hien tewrhiiomlu,egr e nerhaantsoi ytoe nt
beerne -ed(uocrrae tpelbday sc ueidt ably socwiewa illilz ed children),
certnaoibtne" l iyn duIlngsetdwe.ea" d bw,eis lhlao kueotnof u nra rco­
lepttriaacnn cpdeu rogsfet du bhbaobrniW etw si.bl efol r cteobd efr ee.
Ungaenrt icaic pearrtteeassii nts ott ahpnircsoe po osnta hlpe a orft
th"ec laslsiibcaewlrh aorl e,c"o gtnhiamztoe dse rnsiosctti haelo ry
culmiintnao tteasli inttaerriviaeannnr tetiahoesanv tste rna didteiso­nal
poatrsce o ntteoln etaa vleo Unneg.ce orn ctehdfaeec st aucaclu orfa cy
thaicsc usbautstie oetnkot,s r ansimtmusot rmeae la ning:
[T]chlea ssliicbearilasw l r ontgot hi.n.k.t haatni nstitourtdiceoarnn al
..d.r aaww atertight disttihpneuc btliiioncns tbietotufawt p eieeoonnp sl e
andt hfoer mos fc loasses ociaotrii notni meaxtpee riteown hciect hhp ee o­
plaer der a.w.n. T.h ea uthoorfti htreya dipcraolj leicietnsi tvsi sioofn
thei ndiviadnudca oll leecmtpiovwee rmweemn aty a chibeyvce u mula­
tivleoloys etnhigenr gio pfr igriodl heise,r aracnhdci oensv,e n.t.i.o.ns
Buitdt o enso ctl atiombe indiffetrote hnceth oiacmeo nagl ternasttiyvlee s
18
ofa ssociation.
Wouilntdo btem orheo nteoss atty h waeth avace h oicbeet weceonn ­
structiinnag c cswooircttdihh et etr ya ditoifto hnmeaa lnoiyrws imt h
thiec onooctfl hfaees wmT? hfo er maelrt ernatitvhmeeo dperrnoipsetl s
eltiott hefe ri nogfse osc iwehteiyrat,es suamnae dsv ersstaartnioca­el
wareds tabilnissthietBduu ttthi leoa ntastl.et re rneavtoiakvt eers a di­
tioncaoluinstte rtrote hpaerc atciotofain dc veascn ucletdaru ersep,o nse
th(adte peonncd iirncgu mcsattnaa ntkchefoee rs mo) ef i tahr eerl atively
benciognns erovraafa trmi osrvmei rufalsecnits m.
Ungiessry stematicwailllfuyl-l-yta-otlb homleroi isnagtdni dn s
dangoefcr osn tem"ppoorpaurmlyoi vsetm"eT nhfatels su.en iversality
ofh icso nceopfpt eirosno onbaslcituthrdyeeo sm icnualnttcu lraoasflh
outri mIer.o niasc oaclpilhayil,l otshotapathk ayesi s tp so ionfdt e par­
tutrheue n masoksfiu npgp rsetsresinefebdd yss mothgeerniusnitgnr ei fe
inat heorsettriuctcahtslauu trp ep rseosmosefte hsme o sfutn damental
humdainff erences.
IV.
THEM ODERNIASCTC OUNOTF S OCIETY
Thceh iveifro tfpu oel iitnisctailUt nugtbeierol nisie,stv obe es ,
17 Ida.t5 14-15.
18I da.t5 58.