Infectious Diseases and Substance Abuse (Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis)

219 Pages·2005·2.37 MB·English

by  Herman Friedman

Infectious Diseases and
Substance Abuse
INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PATHOGENESIS
Series Editors: Mauro Bendinelli, University of Pisa
Herman Friedman, University of South Florida
College of Medicine
Recent volumes in this series:
INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Edited by Herman Friedman, Thomas W. Klein, and Mauro Bendinelli
CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIAE
Infection and Disease
Edited by Herman Friedman, Yoshimasa Yamamoto,
and Mauro Bendinelli
DNA TUMOR VIRUSES
Oncogenic Mechanisms
Edited by Giuseppe Barbanti-Brodano, Mauro Bendinelli,
and Herman Friedman
ENTERIC INFECTIONS AND IMMUNITY
Edited by Lois J. Paradise, Mauro Bendinelli,
and Herman Friedman
HELICOBACTER PYLORIINFECTION AND IMMUNITY
Edited by Yoshimasa Yamamoto, Herman Friedman,
and Paul S. Hoffman
HERPESVIRUSES AND IMMUNITY
Edited by Peter G. Medveczky, Herman Friedman,
and Mauro Bendinelli
HUMAN RETROVIRAL INFECTIONS
Immunological and Therapeutic Control
Edited by Kenneth E. Ugen, Mauro Bendinelli,
and Herman Friedman
MICROORGANISMS AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
Edited by Herman Friedman, Noel R. Rose,
and Mauro Bendinelli
OPPORTUNISTIC INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA AND IMMUNITY
Edited by Lois J. Paradise, Herman Friedman,
and Mauro Bendinelli
PULMONARY INFECTIONS AND IMMUNITY
Edited by Herman Chmel, Mauro Bendinelli,
and Herman Friedman
RAPID DETECTION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS
Edited by Steven Specter, Mauro Bendinelli,
and Herman Friedman
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of
each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment.
For further information, please contact the publisher.
Infectious
Diseases and
Substance Abuse
Edited by
Herman Friedman,
Thomas W. Klein
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology,
University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL
and
Mauro Bendinelli
Department of Experimental Pathology,
University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN-10: 0-306-48687-3 e-ISBN: 0-306-48688-1
ISBN-13: 978-0306-48687-6
Printed on acid-free paper
© 2005 Springer Science(cid:1)Business Media, Inc.
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written per-
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Contributors
NORMA C. ALONZO • Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience,
Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007
ALBERT H. AVILA • Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience,
Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007
GREGORY J. BAGBY • Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and
Critical Care Medicine, Department of Physiology, Alcohol Research
Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
70112
GAYLE C. BALDWIN • Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of
Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
90095
RODERICK A. BARKE • Departments of Pharmacology and Surgery,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
BARBARA M. BAYER • Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience,
Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007
FILIP BEDNAR • Center for Substance Abuse Research, Fels Institute for
Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of
Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
JERRY L. BULEN • Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology,
University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612-4799
GUY A. CABRAL • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0678
FRANCINE MARCIANO-CABRAL • Department of Microbiology and
Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0678
PENELOPE C. DAVEY • Center for Substance Abuse Research, Fels Institute
for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of
Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
HERMAN FRIEDMAN • Department of Medical Microbiology and
Immunology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL
33612
RICARDO GOMEZ • Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás
de los Garza, NL, Mexico
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
DAVID E. KAMINSKY • Center for Substance Abuse Research, Fels Institute
for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of
Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
THOMAS W. KLEIN • Department of Medical Microbiology and
Immunology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL
33612-4799
JAY K. KOLLS • Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical
Care Medicine, Alcohol Research Center and Gene Therapy Programs,
Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
KATHY MCALLEN • Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee
Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38120
PETER G. MEDVECZKY • Department of Medical Microbiology and
Immunology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa,
FL33612-4799
STEVE NELSON • Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and
Critical Care Medicine, Department of Physiology, Alcohol Research Center,
Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA70112
CATHERINE NEWTON • Department of Medical Microbiology and
Immunology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL
33612
SUSAN PROSS • Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology,
University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612
LEE J. QUINTON • Department of Physiology, Alcohol Research Center,
Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
SEDDIGHEH RAZANI-BOROUJERDI • Respiratory Immunology, Lovelace
Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108
THOMAS J. ROGERS • Center for Substance Abuse Research, Fels Institute
for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of
Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
MICHAEL D. ROTH • Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department
of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles,
CA90095-1690.
SABITA ROY • Departments of Pharmacology and Surgery, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
NAHID A. SHAHABI • Department of Pharmacology, University of
Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38120
BURT M. SHARP • Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee
Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38120
SHASHI P. SINGH • Respiratory Immunology, Lovelace Respiratory
Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108
MOHAN L. SOPORI • Respiratory Immunology, Lovelace Respiratory
Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108
AMBER D. STEELE • Center for Substance Abuse Research, Fels Institute
for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of
Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
JING-HUA WANG • Departments of Pharmacology and Surgery, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
CONTRIBUTORS vii
RICHARD WEBER • Department of Biomedical and Therapeutic Sciences,
University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL
YOSHIMASA YAMAMOTO • Department of Basic Laboratory Sciences,
Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, JAPAN
ZEKI YUMUK • Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kocaeli University
Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, TURKEY
PING ZHANG • Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical
Care Medicine, Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health
Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
Preface to the Series
The mechanisms of disease production by infectious agents are presently the
focus of an unprecedented flowering of studies. The field has undoubtedly
received impetus from the considerable advances recently made in the under-
standing of the structure, biochemistry, and biology of viruses, bacteria, fungi,
and other parasites. Another contributing factor is our improved knowledge of
immune responses and other adaptive or constitutive mechanisms by which
hosts react to infection. Furthermore, recombinant DNA technology, mono-
clonal antibodies, and other newer methodologies have provided the technical
tools for examining questions previously considered too complex to be success-
fully tackled. The most important incentive of all is probably the regenerated
idea that infection might be the initiating event in many clinical entities
presently classified as idiopathic or of uncertain origin.
Infectious pathogenesis research holds great promise. As more information
is uncovered, it is becoming increasingly apparent that our present knowledge of
the pathogenic potential of agents is often limited to the most noticeable effects,
which sometimes represent only the tip of the iceberg. For example, it is now well
appreciated that pathologic processes caused by infectious agents may emerge
clinically after an incubation of decades and may result from genetic, immuno-
logic, and other indirect routes more than from the infecting agent in itself.
Thus, there is a general expectation that continued investigation will lead to the
isolation of new agents of infection, the identification of hitherto unsuspected
etiologic correlations, and, eventually, more effective approaches to prevention
and therapy.
Studies on the mechanisms of disease caused by infectious agents demand
abreadth of understanding across many specialized areas, as well as much coop-
eration between clinicians and experimentalists. The series Infectious Agents and
Pathogenesisis intended not only to document the state of the art in this fascinat-
ing and challenging field but also to help lay bridges among diverse areas and
people.
Mauro Bendinelli
Herman Friedman
ix
Foreword and Introduction
The use of recreational drugs of abuse by large numbers of individuals in this
country and abroad has aroused serious concerns about the consequences of
this activity. For example, it is recognized that marijuana is currently widely used
as a recreational drug in the United States as well as other countries. Similarly,
abuse of cocaine, especially crack cocaine, is considered to be an epidemic. “The
war on drugs” by the US Government was directly aimed at the illicit use of
cocaine, marijuana, and opiates as well as other drugs of abuse. Furthermore,
alcohol is also considered a major problem of abuse in this country as well as in
many other countries. It is estimated there are at least 10 million alcoholics in the
United States alone. A significant portion of those hospitalized with infectious
diseases are alcoholics. Similarly, there have been many reports of association
between marijuana use and increased susceptibility to infection as well as a rela-
tion between use of opiates and infections. The relationship between drug abuse
and increased incidence of various infections has stimulated increased investiga-
tion of whether and how such drugs affect immune function, especially impor-
tant for resistance against infectious agents.
During the last decades, a wide variety of studies have shown that drugs of
abuse, including marijuana, cocaine, or opiates, as well as alcohol, alter both
neurophysiological as well as pathological responses of individuals. Similarly,
ithas been shown that illicit drug use also alters immune function, and the influ-
ence of such altered immunity has marked physiological and physical conse-
quences on drug abusers. Specifically, data have accumulated indicating that
drugs of abuse markedly affect the immune response in both human popula-
tions and in experimental animal models, both in vivoandin vitro.
Experimental studies concerning microbial infections in animals have
supported empirical observations reported earlier that many drugs of abuse are
often associated with enhanced susceptibility to infectious diseases.
Furthermore, the mechanisms whereby such drugs increase the likelihood of
infections in humans as well as experimental animals have begun to be delin-
eated. In particular, it has been shown that morphine, cocaine, or marijuana,
aswell as alcohol, enhance susceptibility to infection by bacteria, viruses, proto-
zoa, or fungi when given to experimental animals or used to treat lymphoid cell
xi