Table Of Content(cid:74)(cid:111)(cid:103)(cid:102)(cid:100)(cid:117)(cid:106)(cid:112)(cid:118)(cid:116)(cid:33)(cid:69)(cid:106)(cid:116)(cid:102)(cid:98)(cid:116)(cid:102)(cid:116)(cid:33)(cid:98)(cid:111)(cid:101)
(cid:81)(cid:98)(cid:117)(cid:105)(cid:112)(cid:109)(cid:112)(cid:104)(cid:122)(cid:33)(cid:112)(cid:103)(cid:33)(cid:83)(cid:102)(cid:113)(cid:117)(cid:106)(cid:109)(cid:102)(cid:116)
(cid:68)(cid:112)(cid:109)(cid:112)(cid:115)(cid:33)(cid:66)(cid:117)(cid:109)(cid:98)(cid:116)(cid:33)(cid:98)(cid:111)(cid:101)(cid:33)(cid:85)(cid:102)(cid:121)(cid:117)
2321.indb 1 3/6/07 11:10:57 AM
2321.indb 2 3/6/07 11:10:57 AM
(cid:74)(cid:111)(cid:103)(cid:102)(cid:100)(cid:117)(cid:106)(cid:112)(cid:118)(cid:116)(cid:33)(cid:69)(cid:106)(cid:116)(cid:102)(cid:98)(cid:116)(cid:102)(cid:116)(cid:33)(cid:98)(cid:111)(cid:101)
(cid:81)(cid:98)(cid:117)(cid:105)(cid:112)(cid:109)(cid:112)(cid:104)(cid:122)(cid:33)(cid:112)(cid:103)(cid:33)(cid:83)(cid:102)(cid:113)(cid:117)(cid:106)(cid:109)(cid:102)(cid:116)
(cid:68)(cid:112)(cid:109)(cid:112)(cid:115)(cid:33)(cid:66)(cid:117)(cid:109)(cid:98)(cid:116)(cid:33)(cid:98)(cid:111)(cid:101)(cid:33)(cid:85)(cid:102)(cid:121)(cid:117)
(cid:70)(cid:77)(cid:77)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:33)(cid:83)(cid:47)(cid:33)(cid:75)(cid:66)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:67)(cid:84)(cid:80)(cid:79)
University of Florida
College of Veterinary Medicine
Gainesville, Florida
2321.indb 3 3/6/07 11:10:58 AM
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
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International Standard Book Number‑10: 0‑8493‑2321‑5 (Hardcover)
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Infectious diseases and pathology of reptiles : color atlas and text / edited by Elliott Jacobson.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0‑8493‑2321‑5 (alk. paper)
1. Reptiles‑‑Infections. 2. Reptiles‑‑Infections‑‑Atlases. I. Jacobson, Elliott.
SF997.5.R4I54 2007
639.3’9‑‑dc22 2006051177
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
2321.indb 4 3/6/07 11:10:58 AM
Contents
Preface ...........................................................................................................................................vii
Acknowledgments .........................................................................................................................ix
About the Editor ............................................................................................................................xi
Contributors .................................................................................................................................xiii
1 Oeriew of Reptile Biology, Anatomy, and Histology .................................................................1
ElliOtt R. JACOBsOn
2 Reptile immunology ....................................................................................................................131
FRAnCEsCO C. ORiggi
3 Circulating inflammatory Cells ...................................................................................................167
niCOlE i. stRik, A. RiCk AllEmAn, And kEndAl E. HARR
4 Reptile necropsy techniques .....................................................................................................219
sCOtt P. tERREll And BRiAn A. stACy
5 Host Response to infectious Agents and identification of Pathogens in tissue section .........257
BRiAn A. stACy And AllAn P. PEssiER
6 identifying Reptile Pathogens Using Electron microscopy ......................................................299
ElliOtt R. JACOBsOn And dOn A. sAmUElsOn
7 molecular diagnostics .................................................................................................................351
APRil J. JOHnsOn, FRAnCEsCO C. ORiggi, And JAmEs F.X. WEllEHAn, Jr.
Infectious Diseases and Pathology of Reptiles
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vi Contents
8 serodiagnostics ..........................................................................................................................381
ElliOtt R. JACOBsOn And FRAnCEsCO C. ORiggi
9 Viruses and Viral diseases of Reptiles ......................................................................................395
ElliOtt R. JACOBsOn
10 Bacterial diseases of Reptiles .....................................................................................................461
ElliOtt R. JACOBsOn
11 mycotic diseases of Reptiles .......................................................................................................527
JEAn A. PARé And ElliOtt R. JACOBsOn
12 Parasites and Parasitic diseases of Reptiles ...............................................................................571
ElliOtt R. JACOBsOn
13 isolation of Pathogens .................................................................................................................667
FRAnCEsCO C. ORiggi And JEAn A. PARé
index ......................................................................................................................................................681
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PrefaCe
Why this book and why now? As i approached my 30th year following graduation from eterinary
college i decided the time was ripe for a color atlas including some of the best of the tens of thou-
sands of images i had taken documenting infectious diseases and pathology of reptiles. Although
descriptie reports of reptile pathology date back to the mid-1800s, and whereas many of the recent
texts on reptile medicine and disease coer arious aspects of this topic, it was my feeling that a more
definitie text with more inclusie images coering infectious diseases and pathology of reptiles was
needed. gien that much of my clinical and research career has centered on this topic, i decided to
take sabbatical leae in July 2004 to gather as much of the most releant material that i had collected
and published oer the past 30 years into a book. As with many books, the time it took to conclude
this project was far greater than originally anticipated. two major hurricane seasons later it is done.
Here i hae selected a number of topics that are releant to infectious diseases and pathology of
reptiles. Because understanding the biology of reptiles, particularly anatomy and histology, is critical
in understanding and interpreting pathology, this book starts with a general reiew of the biology of
the Reptilia in Chapter 1. All major systems are reiewed, and in-depth anatomy and histology are
proided. this represents the most complete single source of color images of normal reptile histology.
scientific names are first gien as the currently accepted name followed by the former name origi-
nally published in the older literature. in each chapter, the scientific name follows the common name
the first time the common name is used. thereafter, only the common name is used. the following
sered as sources of information for the currently accepted common, scientific, and family names
used in this book: EmBl Reptile database (http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/~uetz/Reptiles.html); nor-
man Frank and Erica Ramus, 1995, A Complete Guide to Scientific and Common Names of Rep-
tiles and Amphibians, ng Publishing, Pottsille, Pennsylania; tim Halliday and kraig Adler, 2002,
Firefly Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians, Firefly Books, Buffalo, new york; and george R.
Zug, laurie J. Vitt, and Janalee P. Caldwell, 2001, Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphib-
ians and Reptiles, Academic Press, san Francisco, California. immunology is a special component of
reptile biology, and because of its role in the response of reptiles to pathogens, this is reiewed as a
separate topic in Chapter 2. Reptiles hae a number of circulating inflammatory cells that are critical
in their defense against inading pathogens, and while only a few reptiles hae been studied in any
vii
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viii Preface
detail, there is enough information to be synthesized from the literature to merit haing this as a sepa-
rate topic in Chapter 3. Postmortem ealuation of reptiles is critical in determining causes of mortality,
and those working with reptiles hae made some modifications to go along with the different body
plans of this group. Chapter 4 proides an approach and will be useful to both trainees and seasoned
pathologists haing limited contact with reptiles. the host response to pathogens is often key in mak-
ing a diagnosis, and while reptiles as a group show many similarities, differences between groups do
exist. Chapter 5 presents the most up-to-date information on this topic. Because many pathogens are
not easy to isolate and difficult or impossible to specifically identify using light microscopy, electron
microscopy is often used in determining the presence and nature of certain infectious agents. Chapter
6 proides an oeriew of techniques and methods used in electron microscopy and many electron
photomicrographs of reptile pathogens are included. Although isolation of a particular pathogen is
still important when trying to identify the cause of a disease, many pathogens are extremely fastidious
or impossible to culture, and necessitate the use of molecular approaches. Chapter 7 brings together
and reiews this topic. serodiagnostics hae come a long way oer the last 15 years with the deel-
opment of immunological reagents specifically produced against reptile immunoglobulins and their
use in such tests as the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ElisA). Chapter 8 reiews
those serological assays used in determining the presence of pathogen-specific antibodies in reptiles.
Chapters 9, 10, 11, and 12 reiew iral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic diseases, respectiely, and pres-
ent what is known about these major groups of pathogens in reptiles. Finally, methods for isolating
iruses, bacteria, and fungi are reiewed in Chapter 13.
many books become outdated ery quickly, while a few proide worthwhile information for many
years to come. gien the expertise of the arious contributors, we expect this book to sere as a alu-
able source of information for future generations.
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aCKnoWLeDGMents
this book was a team effort and special thanks go to those colleagues who authored and coauthored
chapters. many images in this book hae been graciously proided by many friends and i want them
to know how much i appreciate their willingness to share this material with me. i am grateful to the
Uniersity of Florida, which approed my sabbatical leae from July to January 2004. this proided
me with the much-needed time for organizing and starting this project. my laboratory technician,
April Childress, obtained many of the electronic and hard copies of papers referenced in arious
chapters. i want to thank Pat lewis, an outstanding histotechnician. Pat prepared numerous micro-
scopic slides that were used for obtaining photomicrographs in this book. the Uniersity of Florida
Electron microscopy Core laboratory processed tissues for electron microscopy and proided most
of the electron photomicrographs presented in this book. many of the images in this book are of
cases submitted to the Zoological medicine serice, Uniersity of Florida medical Center, for diagnos-
tics and treatment. these cases were supported, in part, by the Batchelor Foundation, Uniersity of
Florida. seeral colleagues graciously reiewed chapters and they are acknowledged at the end of the
chapters they reiewed. thanks go to John sulzycki, Pat Roberson, and gail Renard of CRC Press for
their editorial and production help.
And most important, a ery special thanks goes to my wonderful wife stephanie Pierce for her
understanding, encouragement, and patience, Our home was taken oer by the many hundreds of sci-
entific papers and books that were used as references in this project. she also had incredible tolerance
for the hum of the slide scanner that ran for seeral hours on countless eenings oer the 2½ years
i worked on this book. luckily she is a deep sleeper. she is, and always will be, the most important
person in my life.
ix
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