Table Of ContentEncyclopedia of Sustainability Science
and Technology Series
Editor-in-Chief: Robert A. Meyers
Lester M. Shulman
Editor
Infectious
Diseases
Second Edition
A Volume in the Encyclopedia of
Sustainability Science and Technology,
Second Edition
Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science
and Technology Series
Editor-in-Chief
RobertA.Meyers
The Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology series (ESST)
addresses the grand challenge for science and engineering today. It provides
unprecedented, peer-reviewed coverage in more than 600 separate articles
comprising 20 topical volumes, incorporating many updates from the first
edition as well as new articles. ESSTestablishes a foundation for the many
sustainability and policy evaluations being performed in institutions
worldwide.
An indispensable resource for scientistsandengineers indeveloping new
technologies and for applying existing technologies to sustainability, the
EncyclopediaofSustainabilityScienceandTechnologyseriesispresentedat
theuniversityandprofessionallevelneededforscientists,engineers,andtheir
studentstosupportrealprogressinsustainabilityscienceandtechnology.
Althoughtheemphasisisonscienceandtechnologyratherthanpolicy,the
EncyclopediaofSustainabilityScienceandTechnologyseriesisalsoacompre-
hensiveandauthoritativeresourceforpolicymakerswhowanttounderstandthe
scopeofresearchanddevelopmentandhowthesebottom-upinnovationsmap
ontothesustainabilitychallenge.
Lester M. Shulman
Editor
Infectious Diseases
Second Edition
A Volume in the Encyclopedia of Sustainability
Science and Technology, Second Edition
With91Figuresand29Tables
Editor
LesterM.Shulman
DepartmentofEpidemiologyandPreventiveMedicine,SchoolofPublic
Health,SacklerFacultyofMedicine
TelAvivUniversity
TelAviv,Israel
CentralVirologyLaboratory,LaboratoryofEnvironmental
VirologyatShebaMedicalCenter;Retired
PublicHealthServices,IsraelMinistryofHealth
TelAviv,Israel
ISSN2629-2378 ISSN2629-2386(electronic)
EncyclopediaofSustainabilityScienceandTechnologySeries
ISBN978-1-0716-2462-3 ISBN978-1-0716-2463-0(eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0
©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,partofSpringerNature2013,2023
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor
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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerScience+BusinessMedia,
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Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:1NewYorkPlaza,NewYork,NY10004,U.S.A.
Series Preface
Our nearly 1000-member team recognizes that all elements of sustainability
scienceandtechnologycontinuetoadvanceasdoesourunderstandingofthe
needs for water, clean air, food, energy, and health and the relation of every
singleaspectofthisvastbodyofknowledgetoclimatechange.OurEncyclo-
pedia content is at a level for university students, professors, engineers, and
other practicing professionals. It is gratifying for our team to note that our
online First Edition has been heavily utilized as evidenced by over 500,000
downloadswhichofcourseisinadditiontoscientists’utilizationoftheprint
Encyclopediaandprintsinglevolumes.NowwearepleasedtohaveaLiving
Reference availableon-line,whichassuresthesustainabilitycommunitythat
we are providing the latest peer-reviewed content covering the science and
technology of the sustainability of the earth and we are also publishing the
content as a series of individual topical books for easy use by those with an
interest in particular subjects. Our team covers the physical, chemical, and
biologicalprocessesandmeasurementsthatunderlietheearthsysteminclud-
ingpollutionandremediation,healthandclimatechangeandwecomprehen-
sivelycovereveryenergyandenvironmenttechnologyaswellasalltypesof
foodproduction,water,transportation,andthesustainablebuiltenvironment.
Our team members include two Nobel Prize winners (McFaddden and
Fischlin), two former Directors of the NSF (Colwell and Killeen), and the
ChiefScientistoftheRockyMountainInstitute(Lovins).Andourmorethan
50 eminent section editors and now book editors assure the quality of our
selectedauthorsandtheirreviewpresentations.
Theextentofourcoverageclearlysetsourprojectapartfromotherpubli-
cationswhichnowexist,bothinextentanddepth.Infact,currentcompendia
ofthescienceandtechnologyofseveralofthesetopicsdonotpresentlyexist,
and yetthe content iscrucialtoany evaluation and planning for the sustain-
abilityoftheearth.Itisimportanttonotethattheemphasisofourprojectison
scienceandtechnologyandnotonpolicyandpositions.Rather,policymakers
will use our presentations to evaluate sustainability options. Vital scientific
issuesinclude:humanandanimalecologicalsupportsystems;energysupply
and effects; the planet’s climate system; systems of agriculture, industry,
forestry, and fisheries and the ocean, fresh water and human communities,
wastedisposal,transportation,andthebuiltenvironmentaswellasinfectious
diseasesandthevarioussystemsonwhichtheydepend;andthebalanceofall
ofthesewithsustainability.Inthiscontext,sustainabilityisacharacteristicofa
v
vi SeriesPreface
process or state that can be maintained at a certain level indefinitely even as
globalpopulationincreasesfrom7.7billionin2021to9.7billionby2050and
11billionbyaround2100(UNEstimate).Thispopulationgrowthisexpected
mostly in Africa and India and Southeast Asia, and the hope for decreasing
malnutrition coupled with better diet, decreasing poverty, and an increase in
wealthimpliessomethinglikea50%increaseinfooddemandbyasearlyas
2030.ButtheUNforecaststhatifrecenttrendscontinue,thenumberofpeople
affected by hunger will surpass 840 million by 2030. If the world economy
grows at an average of a nominal 3% per annum, there will be more than a
doublinginsizeby2050.Thismeansthatglobalproductionofconcrete,steel,
andothermetalsaswellasplastics,whichpresentlymakeupnearlyathirdof
all greenhouse emissions, will also likely double. The building of new or
expanded cities, bridges, roads, dams, and manufacturing plants and the
construction of sea walls and pumping capacity for climate adaptation as
wellasairconditioningwillberequired.
This means that there are going to be some real problems in reducing or
morelikelyevenslowingthegrowthofgreenhousegasemissionsaswellas
for energy, agriculture, and water. It is increasingly clear that conflicting
demandsamongbiofuels,foodcrops, forestation, andenvironmentalprotec-
tionwillbedifficulttoreconcile.The“greenrevolution”washeavilydepen-
dent on fertilizers which are manufactured using increasingly expensive and
diminishing reserves of fossil fuels. In addition, about 70% of available
freshwaterisusedforagriculture.Clearly,manynaturalresourceswilleither
becomedepletedorscarcerelativetopopulation.Allofthishighlightstheneed
for the technology and science presented in this book series as well as truly
majorincreasesinresearchanddevelopment.
PalmDesert,CA,USA RobertA.Meyers,Ph.D.
December2022 Editor-in-Chief
Contents
InfectiousDiseases:Introduction ........................... 1
LesterM.Shulman
InfectiousDiseaseModeling ............................... 9
AngelaR.McLean
BiologicalControlsandStandardsfortheStudyand
ControlofInfectiousDiseases .............................. 21
PhilipDavidMinor
Next-GenerationSequencingintheStudyofInfectious
Diseases ............................................... 35
NetaS.ZuckermanandLesterM.Shulman
InfectiousDiseases,VibrationalSpectroscopicApproaches
toRapidDiagnostics ..................................... 57
JeremyD.DriskellandRalphA.Tripp
SyndromicSurveillanceofInfectiousDiseases ................ 75
AharonaGlatman-FreedmanandZalmanKaufman
AntibioticsforEmergingPathogens ......................... 83
VinayakAgarwalandSatishK.Nair
ClimateChangeEffectsonInfectiousDiseases ................ 99
MatthewBaylisandClaireRisley
MalariaVaccines ........................................ 123
MatthewB.LaurensandChristopherV.Plowe
SustainableRadicalCureoftheLatentMalarias .............. 155
J.KevinBaird
WaterbornePlantVirusesofImportanceinAgriculture ........ 175
WalterQ.Betancourt
Water-,Sanitation-,andHygiene-RelatedDiseases ............. 189
Y.Velleman,L.Blair,F.Fleming,andA.Fenwick
HIV/AIDSGlobalEpidemic ............................... 221
PhyllisJ.KankiandCatherineK.Koofhethile
vii
viii Contents
PolioandItsEpidemiology ................................ 251
LesterM.Shulman
Tuberculosis,Epidemiologyof ............................. 325
GiovanniSotgiu,MatteoZignol,andMarioC.Raviglione
PaleopathologyofInfectiousHumanDiseases ................. 347
M.Spigelman
AvianOncogenicandImmunosuppressiveViruses ............. 363
IritDavidson
SalmonellainPoultryandOtherBirds ...................... 383
AvishaiLublinandYigalFarnoushi
CampylobacterinPoultryandOtherBirds ................... 417
AvishaiLublinandYigalFarnoushi
NewcastleDiseaseVirus .................................. 427
RuthHaddas
Vector-BorneDiseasesinRuminants ........................ 441
AdiBehar,DanielYasur-Landau,and
MonicaLeszkowicz-Mazuz
Index .................................................. 469
About the Editor-in-Chief
Robert A. Meyers Dr. Meyers was manager of
EnergyandEnvironmentalProjectsatTRW(now
NorthropGrumman)inRedondoBeach,CA,and
is now president of RAMTECH Limited. He is
coinventoroftheGravimeltprocessfordesulfuri-
zationanddemineralizationofcoalforairpollution
andwaterpollutioncontrolandwasmanagerofthe
DepartmentofEnergyproject,leadingtothecon-
struction and successful operation of a first-of-a-
kind Gravimelt Process Integrated Test Plant.
Dr.Meyersistheinventorofandwasprojectman-
agerfortheDoE-sponsoredMagnetohydrodynam-
icsSeedRegenerationProject,whichhasresulted
in the construction and successful operation of a
pilot plant for productionofpotassium formate,a
chemicalutilizedforplasmaelectricitygeneration
and air pollution control. He also managed TRW
effortsinmagnetohydrodynamicselectricitygener-
atingcombustorandplasmachanneldevelopment.
Dr.Meyersmanagedthepilot-scaleDoEprojectfor
determiningthehydrodynamicsofsyntheticfuels.
He is a coinventor of several thermo-oxidative
stablepolymerswhichhaveachievedcommercial
success such as the GE PEI, Upjohn Polyimides,
and Rhone-Poulenc bismaleimide resins. He has
alsomanagedprojectsforphotochemistry,chemi-
cal lasers, flue gas scrubbing, oil shale analysis
and refining, petroleum analysis and refining,
global change measurement from space satellites,
analysis and mitigation (carbon dioxide and
ozone), hydrometallurgical refining, soil and
hazardouswasteremediation,novelpolymerssyn-
thesis, modeling ofthe economics ofspace trans-
portationsystems,spacerigidizablestructures,and
chemiluminescence-baseddevices.
ix
