Table Of ContentInfectious Causes of Cancer
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Dedication
To my wife Liz and my son Ian
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Infectious Causes of Cancer
A guide for nurses and healthcare professionals
Kenneth Campbell, MSc (Clinical Oncology)
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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This edition first published 2011
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Campbell, Ken, FIBMS.
Infectious causes of cancer : a guide for nurses and healthcare professionals / Kenneth Campbell.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-51805-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Microbial carcinogenesis. 2. Viral carcinogenesis.
3. Cancer–Nursing. I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Neoplasms–etiology. 2. Neoplasms–nursing. 3. DNA Viruses–pathogenicity.
4. Nursing Care. 5. Oncogenic Viruses–pathogenicity. WY 156]
RC268.57.C357 2011
616.99’401–dc22
2010031090
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Set in 10/12.5pt Palatino by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India
1 2011
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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..vii
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1 Historical background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
2 The global burden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
3 Molecular biology of cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
4 Biological background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
5 Public health considerations and prevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Part I: Viral Causes of Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
6 Herpesviruses (Herpesviridae). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
7 Hepatitis viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
8 Human papillomaviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
9 Retroviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
10 Polyomaviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
Part II: Bacterial Causes of Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
11 Helicobacter pylori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
Part III: Parasitic Causes of Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
12 Schistosome species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
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vi ■ Contents
13 Liver flukes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
14 Unconfirmed associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187
Summary Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
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Preface
Worldwide, over 10 million people are diagnosed with cancer each year and
about 6 million people die each year of cancer; in the developing world as much
as 25% of the cancer burden results from chronic infection1. Vaccination against
Hepatitis B virus has had striking success in reducing the incidence of liver can-
cer in populations where the infection is endemic. Development of a vaccine
against Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) offers hope of similar reduction in cervi-
cal cancer incidence.
This book, aimed principally at nurses and other healthcare professionals, will
consider the epidemiology and biology of infectious causes of cancer. It will dis-
cuss each of the infectious agents associated with an increased risk of cancer
d iscussing epidemiology of the infection and cancer(s), pathophysiology of the
cancer(s) mechanisms, associated risk factors, and prevention of the infection and
of the associated cancer(s).
It is vital for nurses and other healthcare professionals to be aware of the extent
of infection-associated cancer and of how they can contribute to prevention of
such cancers. Although the burden of infection-associated cancers is greatest in the
developing world, they constitute a very significant fraction of all cases seen glo-
bally and the rise in global travel requires nurses to have a global understanding
of health risks.
Reference
1. Bray, F. I. & Ferlay, J. (2003) The global burden of cancer. In: World Cancer Report, 1st edn (eds B. W.
Stewart & P. Kleihues), pp. 11–19. IARC, Lyon.
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Abbreviations
ABC Abstain, Be faithful, use a Condom
AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
ATLL Adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma
BBV Blood-borne viruses
BCE Before Christian Era
BL Burkitt’s Lymphoma
CAH Chronic active hepatitis
CDC Centers for Disease Control
CIN Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasm
CKS Classic Kaposi sarcoma
CMV Cytomegalovirus
CTL Cytotoxic T lymphocyte
CTVT Canine transmissible venereal tumour
EBV Epstein–Barr virus
ECC Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
ERV Endogenous retrovirus
GBV Hepatitis G virus
GERD Gastro-oesophageal reflux disorder
GSHV Ground squirrel hepatitis virus
GvHD Graft versus host disease
HAART Highly active anti-retroviral therapy
HAM/TSP HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/Tropical spastic paresis
HBV Hepatitis B virus
HCC Hepatocellular carcinoma
HCV Hepatitis C virus
HDV Hepatitis D virus
HER Human endogenous retrovirus
HGV Hepatitis G virus
HHMMTV Human homologue of MMTV
HHV4 Human herpesvirus 4
HHV8 Human herpesvirus 8
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
HL Hodgkin Lymphoma
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Abbreviations ■ ix
HNC Head and neck cancer
HNSCC Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
HPA Health Protection Agency
HPV Human papillomavirus
HSV Herpes simplex virus
HTLV-1 Human T lymphotropic virus-1
Human T cell leukaemia virus-1
IAC Infection-associated cancer
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer
ICC Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
IM Infectious mononucleosis
IP-CNS Immunoblastic primary central nervous system lymphoma
KS Kaposi sarcoma
KSHV Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
LSHTM London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
MALT Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
MALToma Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma
MCC Merkel cell carcinoma
MCD Multi-centric Castleman’s disease
MCPV Merkel cell polyomavirus
MCV Merkel cell virus
MMTV Murine mammary tumour virus
MSM Men who have sex with men
NAT Nucleic acid test
NPC Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
PEL Primary effusion lymphoma
PMTCT Prevention of mother to child transmission
PTLD Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
PWHA People with HIV or AIDS
QALY Quality adjusted life year
RSV Rous sarcoma virus
SABC Schistosomiasis-associated bladder cancer
SCC Squamous cell carcinoma
SSE Stratified squamous epithelium
STI Sexually transmitted infection
SV40 Simian virus 40
TCC Transitional cell carcinoma
TRIM Transfusion-related immunomodulation
TTI Transfusion-transmitted infection
VLP Virus-like particle
WHO World Health Organization
WHV Woodchuck hepatitis virus
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