Infections of the central nervous system

927 Pages·2014·21.279 MB·English

by  W. Michael Scheld MD, Dr. Richard J. Whitley MD, Dr. Christina M. Marra MD

INFECTIONS OF THE
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
FOURTH EDITION
Editors
W. Michael Scheld, MD Christina M. Marra, MD
Bayer-Gerald L. Mandell Professor of Infectious Professor of Neurology
Diseases Adjunct Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases)
Professor, Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and University of Washington School of Medicine
Human Retrovirus Research Seattle, Washington
Professor of Medicine
Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery
Director, Pfi zer Initiative in
International Health
University of Virginia Health System
Charlottesville, Virginia
Richard J. Whitley, MD
Distinguished University Professor
Loeb Scholar in Pediatrics
Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology, Medicine,
and Neurosurgery
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Infections of the central nervous system (Scheld)
Infections of the central nervous system / editors, W. Michael Scheld, Richard J. Whitley,
Christina M. Marra. — Fourth edition.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4511-7372-7 (hardback : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 1-4511-7372-5 (hardback : alk. paper)
I. Scheld, W. Michael, editor of compilation. II. Whitley, Richard J., editor of compilation.
III. Marra, Christina M., editor of compilation. IV. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Central Nervous System Infections. WL 301]
RC359.5
616.8—dc23
2014004822
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■
CONTRIBUTORS
Philipp Agyeman, MD Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc
Research Fellow Professor
Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases Department of Pediatrics
University of Bern Georgetown University School of Medicine
Attending Physician Attending Physician in Infectious Diseases, Pediatrics
Department of Pediatrics Georgetown University Hospital
University of Bern Washington DC, Washington
Inselspital
Bern, Switzerland Mary T. Caserta, MD
Professor
Kelly J. Baldwin, MD Department of Pediatrics
Clerkship Director University of Rochester Medical Center School of Medicine
Department of Neurology and Dentistry
Temple University, School of Medicine Attending Physician
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Department of Pediatrics
Associate Golisano Children’s Hospital
Department of Neurology Rochester, New York
Geisinger Medical Center
Danville, Pennsylvania Kevin A. Cassady, MD
Associate Professor
Kyra J. Becker, MD Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Professor University of Alabama at Birmingham
Department of Neurology and Neurological Surgery Birmingham, Alabama
University of Washington School of Medicine
Seattle, Washington Matthias Cavassini
Private-Decent and Senior Lecturer
J. David Beckham, MD Chief of Service, Department Chair
Assistant Professor of Medicine and Neurology Service of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
Departments of Medicine (Infectious Diseases) and University Hospital of Lausanne
Neurology Lausanne, Switzerland
University of Colorado School of Medicine
Aurora, Colorado Maxine Caws, PhD, MSc, BSc
Research Lecturer
Jeana L. Benwill, MD Department of Clinical Sciences
Assistant Professor of Medicine Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler Liverpool, United Kingdom
Tyler, Texas Head of TB Research Programme
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
Sven Bergström, PhD Hospital for Tropical Diseases
Professor Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Department of Molecular Biology
Umeå University Won K. Chung, MD
Umeå, Sweden Post-doctoral Fellow
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious
Ari Bitnun, MD, MSc, FRCPC Disease
Associate Professor University of Texas Medical Branch
Department of Pediatrics Galveston, Texas
University of Toronto
Staff Physician David J. Coffey, MD
Department of Pediatrics Associate Professor
The Hospital for Sick Children Department of Neurology
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
Lebanon, New Hampshire
v
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vi Contributors
Jeffrey I. Cohen, MD Carol Glaser, MD
Chief Chief
Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Encephalitis and Special Investigations Section
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Communicable Disease Control
National Institutes of Health California Department of Public Health
Bethesda, Maryland Richmond, California
Associate Clinical Professor
Amanda C. Cohn, MD Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious
Medical Epidemiologist Diseases
Division of Bacterial Diseases University of California, San Franciso
National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, San Francisco, California
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Atlanta, Georgia John W. Gnann, Jr., MD
Professor
Moshe Ephros, MD Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
Associate Clinical Professor Medical University of South Carolina
Department of Pediatrics Charleston, South Carolina
Faculty of Medicine
Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Denis Grandgirard, PhD
Director Senior Postdoc
Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit Neuroinfection Laboratory
Department of Pediatrics Institute for Infectious Diseases
Carmel Medical Center University of Bern
Haifa, Israel Bern, Switzerland
Jeremy Farrar, FRCP, FRCP(Ed), FMedSci, PhD, OBE Diane E. Griffi n, MD, PhD
Director Professor and Alfred and Jill Sommer Chair
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology
Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme and Immunology
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Baltimore, Maryland
Kathleen R. Fink, MD
Assistant Professor Paul D. Griffi ths, MD, DSc
Department of Radiology Professor of Virology
University of Washington Centre for Virology
Harborview Medical Center University College London Medical School
Seattle, Washington Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust
London, United Kingdom
Sven Forner, BA
CJD Clinical Research Team John J. Halperin, MD
University of California, San Francisco Professor
UCSF Memory and Aging Center Departments of Neurology and Medicine
San Francisco, California Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
New York, New York
Michael D. Geschwind, MD, PhD Chair
Associate Professor Department of Neurosciences
Michael J. Homer Chair in Neurology Overlook Medical Center
University of California, San Francisco Summit, New Jersey
UCSF Memory and Aging Center
San Francisco, California Barry J. Hartman, MD
Clinical Professor of Medicine
Michael Giladi, MD, MSc Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
Associate Professor of Medicine Weill Cornell Medical Center
Sackler Faculty of Medicine Attending Physician
Tel Aviv University Department of Medicine
The Infectious Disease Unit and the Bernard Pridan New York Presbyterian Hospital
Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases New York, New York
Tel Aviv Medical Center
Tel Aviv, Israel Rodrigo Hasbun, MD, MPH
Associate Professor
Stefano Giulieri, MD Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases
Chief Resident University of Texas Health Science Center
Service of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Attending Physician
University Hospital of Lausanne Department of Medicine
Lausanne, Switzerland Memorial Hermann Hospital
Houston, Texas
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Contributors vii
Dorothee Heemskerk, MSc, MD Matthias Klein, MD
Clinical Research Fellow Attending Physician
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit VN Department of Neurology
University of Oxford University of Munich
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Klinikum Grosshadern
Munich, Germany
David C. Helfgott, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine Serggio C. Lanata, MD
Internal Medicine Clinical Fellow
Weill Cornell Medical College Department of Neurology
Assistant Attending Physician University of California, San Francisco
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases UCSF Memory and Aging Center
New York Presbyterian Hospital San Francisco, California
New York, New York
Stephen L. Leib, MD
Jerzy Hildebrand, MD, PhD† Associate Professor
Professor of Neurology Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases
Department of Medicine University of Bern
Institut Jules Bordet Bern, Switzerland
Université Libre de Bruxelles Head
Brussels, Belgium Biology Division, Spiez Laboratory
Swiss Federal Offi ce for Civil Protection
Marc Hildebrand, MD, PhD Austrasse
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Spiez, Switzerland
Hôpitaux Iris Sud
Brussels, Belgium Matthias Maiwald, MD, PhD
Adjunct Associate Professor
Susan E. Hoover, MD, PhD Department of Microbiology
Associate Professor National University of Singapore
Internal Medicine Consultant in Microbiology
University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Sanford Health KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital
Sioux Falls, South Dakota Singapore, Singapore
Jennifer L. Horan, MD, PharmD Carrie P. Marder, MD, PhD
Medical Instructor Acting Instructor
Department of Medicine Department of Radiology
Duke University Medical Center University of Washington
Durham, North Carolina Department of Radiology
University of Washington Medical Center
Alan C. Jackson, MD, FRCPC Seattle, Washington
Professor
Departments of Internal Medicine (Neurology) and Medical James D. Marks, MD, PhD
Microbiology Professor and Vice Chairman
University of Manitoba Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
Head University of California, San Francisco
Section of Neurology, Internal Medicine Chief of Anesthesia
Health Sciences Centre Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
Winnipeg, Canada San Francisco General Hospital
San Francisco, California
David W. Kimberlin, MD
Professor of Pediatrics Christina M. Marra, MD
Department of Pediatrics Professor of Neurology
University of Alabama at Birmingham Adjunct Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases)
Birmingham, Alabama University of Washington School of Medicine
Seattle, Washington
Louis V. Kirchhoff, MD, MPH
Professor Matthew McCarthy, MD
Departments of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases) and Fellow
Epidemiology Department of Medicine
University of Iowa Health Care Weill Cornell Medical Center
Staff Physician New York, New York
Medical Service
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Iowa City, Iowa
† Deceased
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viii Contributors
Tony M. McGrath, MD Adjanie Patabendige, PhD
Associate Professor NC3Rs David Sainsbury Fellow
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and
University of Alabama at Birmingham Immunology
Attending Physician Institute of Infection and Global Health
Division of Child Neurology University of Liverpool
Children’s of Alabama Liverpool, United Kingdom
Birmingham, Alabama
John R. Perfect, MD
Thomas O. McPharlin, RPh Professor
Clinical Associate Professor Department of Medicine
University of Washington School of Pharmacy Duke University Medical Center
Clinical Pharmacist Durham, North Carolina
Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine
Pharmacy William A. Petri, Jr., MD, PhD
Harborview Medical Center Professor and Chief
Seattle, Washington Division of Infectious Diseases
University of Virginia School of Medicine
Nancy E. Messonnier, MD Charlottesville, Virginia
Medical Epidemiologist
Division of Bacterial Diseases Hans-Walter Pfi ster, MD
National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Senior Consultant
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Department of Neurology
Atlanta, Georgia University of Munich
Senior Consultant
Reto Antoine Meuli, MD, PhD Department of Neurology
Full Professor Klinikum Grosshadern
Department of Radiology Munich, Germany
University of Lausanne, Faculty of Biology and Medicine
Chief of Service, Department Chair Douglas G. Postels, MD
Department of Radiology Associate Professor
CHUV, University Hospital of Lausanne Department of Neurology
Lausanne, Switzerland Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan
Augusto Miravalle, MD
Assistant Professor of Neurology Didier Raoult, MD, PhD
Director, Neurology Residency Training Program Director
University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine URMITE UMR 7278, Faculté de Médecine
Aurora, Colorado Aix-Marseille Université
Chief
John F. Modlin, MD Fédération de Microbiologie Clinique
Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine Hôpital de la Timone
Department of Pediatrics and Medicine Marseille, France
Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
Hanover, New Hampshire David A. Relman, MD
Deputy Director for Research, Polio Thomas C. and Joan M. Merigan Professor
Global Development Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Stanford University School of Medicine
Seattle, Washington Stanford, California
Chief
Jose G. Montoya, MD, FACP, FIDSA Infectious Diseases Section
Professor Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System
Department of Medicine Palo Alto, California
Stanford University
Attending Physician Susan Richardson, MD, CM
Department of Medicine Professor
Stanford Hospital and Clinics Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology
Stanford, California University of Toronto
Head
Shannon Moonah, MD, ScM Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Division of
Clinical and Research Fellow Microbiology
Division of Infectious Diseases The Hospital for Sick Children
University of Virginia School of Medicine Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Charlottesville, Virginia
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Contributors ix
José R. Romero, MD Khoi Duc Than, MD
Professor Chief Resident
Department of Pediatrics Department of Neurosurgery
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences University of Michigan
Director Ann Arbor, Michigan
Section of Infectious Diseases
Arkansas Children’s Hospital Allan R. Tunkel, MD, PhD
Little Rock, Arkansas Professor of Medicine
Associate Dean for Medical Education
Karen L. Roos, MD Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
John and Nancy Nelson Professor of Neurology Providence, Rhode Island
Professor of Neurological Surgery
Indiana University Health Neuroscience Center Kenneth L. Tyler, MD
Indianapolis, Indiana Reuler-Lewin Family Professor and Chair of Neurology
Professor of Medicine & Microbiology
Jeffrey P. Ross, MD Departments of Neurology, Medicine, and Microbiology
Assistant Clinical Professor University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
Medicine Chair
University of New Mexico School of Medicine Department of Neurology
Albuquerque, New Mexico University of Colorado Hospital
Aurora, Colorado
Oren Sagher, MD
William F. Chandler Collegiate Professor Diederik van de Beek, MD, PhD
Department of Neurosurgery Professor
University of Michigan Department of Neurology
Neurosurgery Faculty Academic Medical Center
Department of Neurosurgery University of Amsterdam
University of Michigan Health System Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Arun Venkatesan, MD, PhD
W. Michael Scheld, MD Assistant Professor
Bayer-Gerald L. Mandell Professor of Infectious Diseases Department of Neurology
Professor, Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Retrovirus Research Director
Professor of Medicine Encephalitis Center
Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery Johns Hopkins Hospital
Director, Pfi zer Initiative in International Health Baltimore, Maryland
University of Virginia Health System
Charlottesville, Virginia Richard J. Wallace, Jr.
Chairman
Jose A. Serpa, MD, MS Department of Microbiology
Assistant Professor Chief
Department of Medicine Infectious Disease Section
Baylor College of Medicine The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler
Attending Physician Tyler, Texas
Medicine
Ben Taub Hospital Thomas J. Walsh, MD, PhD (hon), FCCP, FAAM, FIDSA
Houston, Texas Director
Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program
Tom Solomon, MD Chief
Director Infectious Diseases Translational Research Laboratory
Institute of Infection and Global Health Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Microbiology &
University of Liverpool Immunology
Honorary Consultant Neurologist Henry Schueler Foundation Scholar
Department of Neurology Weill Cornell Medical Center and New York Presbyterian
Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust Hospital
Liverpool, United Kingdom New York, New York
Terrie E. Taylor, DO Anthony C. Wang, MD
University Distinguished Professor Department of Neurosurgery
Osteopathic Medical Specialties University of Michigan
Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine House Offi cer
East Lansing, Michigan Department of Neurosurgery
Scientifi c Director University of Michigan Health System
Blantyre Malaria Project Ann Arbor, Michigan
University of Malawi College of Medicine
Blantyre, Malawi
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x Contributors
David F. Welch, PhD, D(ABMM) Joseph R. Zunt, MD, MPH
Medical Microbiologist Professor
Department of Pathology Departments of Neurology, Global Health, Medicine
Medical City (Infectious Diseases), Epidemiology
Dallas, Texas University of Washington
Attending Neurologist
A. Clinton White, Jr., MD Department of Neurology
Paul R. Stalnaker Distinguished Professor and Director Harborview Medical Center
Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine Seattle, Washington
University of Texas Medical Branch
Galveston, Texas John Zurasky, MD
Neurocritical Care Medical Director
Richard J. Whitley, MD Department of Neurology
Distinguished University Professor Chair of Neurology
Loeb Scholar in Pediatrics Providence Health and Services Oregon
Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology, Medicine, and Portland, Oregon
Neurosurgery
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama
Gary P. Wormser, MD
Professor of Medicine
Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and
Pharmacology
New York Medical College
Chief
Division of Infectious Diseases
Westchester Medical Center
Valhalla, New York
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