Table Of ContentEmerging Trends in Mechatronics
Aydin Azizi
Reza Vatankhah Barenji Editors
Industry 4.0
Technologies, Applications,
and Challenges
Emerging Trends in Mechatronics
Series Editor
Aydin Azizi, Oxford, UK
·
Aydin Azizi Reza Vatankhah Barenji
Editors
Industry 4.0
Technologies, Applications, and Challenges
Editors
Aydin Azizi Reza Vatankhah Barenji
School of Engineering Department of Engineering
Computing and Mathematics School of Science and Technology
Oxford Brookes University Nottingham Trent University
Oxford, UK Nottingham, UK
ISSN 2731-4855 ISSN 2731-4863 (electronic)
Emerging Trends in Mechatronics
ISBN 978-981-19-2011-0 ISBN 978-981-19-2012-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2012-7
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
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Contents
Industry 4.0 Concepts, Technologies, and Its Ecosystem ............... 1
Kubra Nur Ozcan, Ozge Yesilyurt, Serap Demir, and Batihan Konuk
Cyber-Physical Systems—Manufacturing Applications ................ 35
Ay¸segül Kocabay and Hatef Javadi
Internet of Things: Success Stores and Challenges
in Manufacturing .................................................. 57
Mahmut Onur Karaman, Serap Demir, S¸eyda Nur Börü,
and Senem Masat
Blockchain Technology and Its Role in Industry 4.0 ................... 93
Ozge Yesilyurt, Kubra Nur Ozcan, Merve Melis Ergün, and Hatef Javadi
Blockchain Technology Application in Manufacturing ................ 117
Melis Etim and Egemen Akçay
Virtual Manufacturing, Technologies, and Applications ............... 135
S¸eyda Nur Börü and Senem Masat
Digital Twin and Its Applications ................................... 151
Merve Melis Ergün, Ays¸egül Kocabay, Yıldız Merve Yesilcimen,
and Merve Turanli Parlaktuna
Big Data Analytics in Industry 4.0 .................................. 171
Mustafa Bugra Ozcan, Batıhan Konuk, and Yıldız Merve Yesilcimen
Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management: Challenge
and Future Perspectives ............................................ 201
Mahdi Arabian, Mazyar Ghadiri Nejad, and Reza Vatankhah Barenji
Toward Pharma 4.0 in Drug Discovery .............................. 221
Reza Ebrahimi Hariry, Reza Vatankhah Barenji, and Aydin Azizi
v
vi Contents
What Military 4.0 IS: Applications and Challenges ................... 239
Egemen Akçay, Melis Etim, Mahmut Onur Karaman,
and Merve Turanli Parlaktuna
Toward Industry 5.0: Cognitive Cyber-Physical System ............... 257
Zohreh Saadati and Reza Vatankhah Barenji
Industry 4.0 Concepts, Technologies,
and Its Ecosystem
Kubra Nur Ozcan, Ozge Yesilyurt, Serap Demir, and Batihan Konuk
1 Introduction
Simply expressed, industry refers to a country’s production of commodities and
services. The first, second, and third industrial revolutions, respectively, are ex-post
referred to as the successive stages of industrialization [1].
Industry 4.0, also known as “Smart Manufacturing” or “Fourth Industrial Revolu-
tion,” was first conceived in Germany in 2011 during the Hannover Fair by German
academics, practitioners, and government officials. Industry 4.0 and Smart factory
are both terms that are used interchangeably when referring to smart manufacturing.
Some refer to it as the “Industrial Internet of Things.” Given the massive data volumes
created by the system on a daily basis, smart manufacturing is the convergence and
fusion of innovative digital technologies that are projected to change the dimensions
of the manufacturing sector beyond conception [2].
The digitalization of the manufacturing industry is a hallmark of the Fourth Indus-
trial Revolution, as is the explosion in data volume, processing power, and connection
(especially in new low power networks). Industry 4.0 refers to a digital revolution that
is currently sweeping the world, with the goal of digitizing the whole manufacturing
process with minimal human or physical interaction. The goal is to cover as many
industries as possible while adapting and improving existing technology to meet
the demands of digital manufacturing. High-performance information technology
offers new options for analytics and corporate intelligence, as well as unconventional
human–machine communication, such as touch interfaces and the like [3].
B
K. N. Ozcan ( ) · O. Yesilyurt · S. Demir · B. Konuk
Department of Industrial Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe Campus 06800, Ankara,
Turkey
e-mail: [email protected]
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 1
A. Azizi and R. V. Barenji (eds.), Industry 4.0, Emerging Trends in Mechatronics,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2012-7_1
2 K.N.Ozcanetal.
Smart manufacturing, smart factories, and the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
are just a few of the Industry 4.0 buzzwords. Global rivalry is fueled by the ever-
changing expectations of today’s consumers. These expectations necessitate a signif-
icant shift in the manufacturing process. The shift and ever-increasing client needs
and expectations for personalized products, faster-than-ever replies, and companies’
responses in meeting these demands and remaining competitive are important drivers
of this revolution. Industry 4.0 is a bright new light of hope for achieving this goal.
It brings together business, manufacturing, suppliers, and customers [1]. Phases and
key contributions of industrial revolution are indicated in the Fig.1.
1.1 The First Industrial Revolution (1765)
The bulk of people in the pre-industrial era lived in small, rural settlements, reliant on
agriculture for survival and money, with low wages and widespread malnutrition and
disease. The majority of people’s food and clothing needs were met by individuals,
and the tiny amount of manufacturing that was done was done at home or in small
shops using rudimentary hand tools and machines [1].
The first industrial revolution ushered in a pivotal period in human history,
affecting practically every area of daily life. From 1760 through 1840, produc-
tion settings, particularly industry, were destined to undergo significant changes.
Great Britain was the first country to transition from an agricultural to an industrial
economy, followed by numerous European countries such as Belgium, France, and
Germany [4].
Textile industries were the largest industries in terms of capital investment, output,
and number of jobs offered during this time period, and they were also the first to apply
contemporary manufacturing processes. The introduction of coal, iron, railroads, and
textiles were all major advancements in the first industrial revolution, which began in
1764 with James Hargreaves’ discovery of the spinning jenny. Because of the growth
of railroads and the acceleration of economic, human, and material transformations,
mass coal extraction and the advent of the steam engine provided a new type of energy
that propelled all processes forward [5]. Figure 2 illustrates the first mechanical loom.
1.2 The Second Industrial Revolution (1870)
Despite some parallels to the first industrial revolution, the second industrial revolu-
tion, sometimes referred to as the technological revolution, took place between 1870
and 1914. This brief period of history saw a renewed and stronger acceleration of the
industrialization process, owing to scientific breakthroughs such as the development
of lighter materials such as alloys and synthetics, as well as the adoption of a new
energy source, namely electricity. Within manufacturing facilities, the first assembly
Industry4.0Concepts,Technologies,andItsEcosystem 3
Fig. 1 Phases and key contributions of industrial revolution [1]
4 K.N.Ozcanetal.
Fig. 2 First mechanical
loom Doncaster England,
1784
lines were constructed, laying the groundwork for the future phenomenon of mass
production [4].
In addition, the steel industry began to develop and flourish in tandem with the
ever-increasing demand for steel. With the creation of the telegraph and telephone,
as well as the introduction of the vehicle and plane around the turn of the twentieth
century, communication and transportation systems were transformed. Disinfectants
and antiseptics, including phenol and bromines, the role of bacteria in wound infec-
tion, salicylic acid, and other artificial materials were also developed by chemistry.
During this revolution, electric generators, vacuum pumps, gas lighting systems, and
transformers were invented. Electricity was identified as a universal energy trans-
mission system. Railways have become faster, diesel engines have been invented,
and clipper ships have been developed in the field of autos [5].
On the other hand, the second industrial revolution resulted in widespread poverty,
job loss as humans were replaced by machines, deep depression, and widespread
economic insecurity. With the outbreak of World War I, the second industrial
revolution came to an end [1].
1.3 The Third Industrial Revolution (1969)
Partially automated processes employing memory-programmable controllers and
computers kicked off the Third Industrial Revolution in the 1970s. Following the
