Table Of ContentIndustry 4.0 in Small and
Medium-Sized Enterprises
(SMEs)
Industry 4.0 in Small and
Medium-Sized Enterprises
(SMEs)
Opportunities, Challenges, and Solutions
Edited by
Ketan Kotecha, Satish Kumar,
Arunkumar Bongale, and R. Suresh
First edition published 2022
by CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Kotecha, Ketan, editor. | Kumar, Satish (Professor of mechanical
engineering), editor. | Bongale, Arunkumar, editor. | Suresh, R.
(Professor of mechanical engineering), editor.
Title: Industry 4.0 in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) :
opportunities, challenges, and solutions / edited by Ketan Kotecha,
Satish Kumar, Arunkumar Bongale, and R. Suresh.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2022. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021045814 | ISBN 9781032061313 (hardback) | ISBN
9781032061337 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003200857 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Industry 4.0--India. | Small business--Technological
innovations--India.
Classification: LCC T59.6 .I36 2022 | DDC
658.4/03802855745--dc23/eng/20211117
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021045814
ISBN: 9781032061313 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781032061337 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003200857 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003200857
Typeset in Times
by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India
Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................vii
Editors .......................................................................................................................xi
Contributors ...........................................................................................................xiii
Chapter 1 Industry 4.0: An Introduction in the Context of SMEs ........................1
Priya Jadhav, Satish Kumar, and Arunkumar Bongale
Chapter 2 Indian SMEs – Opportunities and Challenges: Assessing
Industry 4.0 Readiness .......................................................................15
Virupaxi Bagodi, Deepankar Sinha, and Varsha Bagodi
Chapter 3 Paradigm Shift in Construction Processes with Industry 4.0 ............33
Sayali Sandbhor, Kirti Ruikar, and Shalaka Hire
Chapter 4 Machinery Fault Detection using Artificial Intelligence in
Industry 4.0.........................................................................................53
Pooja Kamat, Sıtkı Akıncıoğlu, and Rekha Sugandhi
Chapter 5 A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approach for
Spatiotemporal Sensing Application in Precision Agriculture ..........71
T. A. Tamba
Chapter 6 Digital Twin of a Laboratory Gas Turbine Engine Using Deep
Learning Framework ..........................................................................85
Richa Singh, P. S. V. Nataraj, and Arnab Maity
Chapter 7 A Case Study of Additive Manufacturing in Prosthesis
Development in Industry 4.0 ............................................................109
M. C. Murugesh, R. Suresh, Ajith G. Joshi, and Priya Jadhav
Chapter 8 Technology Gap Analysis with Respect to Mysore Printing
Cluster: An Attractive Opportunity in Industry 4.0 Market ............123
G. Devakumar
v
vi Contents
Chapter 9 Intelligent Machining .......................................................................139
Ajit Dhanawade, Seema Wazarkar, and Vishal Naranje
Chapter 10 Digital Market Scenario in India: A Case Study on “Unicorn”
Indian Digital Start-Ups ...................................................................155
Sayak Pal and Nitesh Tripathi
Chapter 11 Skill Requirement in Industry 4.0 ....................................................169
M. Laad and M. Renedo
Chapter 12 The Changing Role of Academics from the Perspective of
Educational Transformation in Education 4.0 ..................................183
F. Karaferye
Index ......................................................................................................................197
Preface
The era of industrial automation has lasted several decades, and now it is time for
the fourth Industrial Revolution – also known as Industry 4.0. Large-scale industries
worldwide have embraced the Industry 4.0 concepts or are in the implementation
phase and are working rigorously to introduce the related enabling technologies. But
the same is not the case with micro-, small-, and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs).
Although SMEs play a major role in developing countries such as India and other
Asian countries, they are unable to investigate the potential of Industry 4.0. One of
the prominent reasons for this is the scarcity of Industry 4.0-skilled human resources
and limited financial resources. In addition, the SME sector also experiences other
hurdles such as insufficient business support, lack of the right competencies, non-
availability of digital standards, online threats, cybersecurity issues, inadequate sup-
port from government authorities, and finally, incompetent academic institutions that
are unable to impart Industry 4.0 skills to the workforce.
This book will serve as a base to facilitate the smooth adoption of Industry
4.0 technologies by the SME sector. Its main focus is on the four broader areas of
Industry 4.0: recent advances in Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing; challenges
and opportunities for SMEs to implement Industry 4.0 practices; enhancing the role
of academia in upskilling; and digital transformation in Industry 4.0. Each of the
areas will further delve into the key concepts of predictive maintenance, the advent
of digital factories and digital twin, and additive manufacturing and machining
for sustainable development. The book will also discuss the challenges faced by
Industry 4.0, such as the need to adopt effective security and privacy policies in
the smart manufacturing set-up, and the impending impact of Industry 4.0 on lean
production systems. Finally, the book will present the pivotal role of engineering
education and curriculum for the skills development of Gen Z engineers embarking
on their journey towards Industry 4.0.
Seeking to promote research related to these new trends and developments in
Industry 4.0 and its implementation in small- and medium-scale enterprises, this
book is divided into 12 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces Industry 4.0 and related
technologies such as smart factories, cyber-physical production systems, intelligent
manufacturing, and digital manufacturing. In addition, issues related to technol-
ogy implementation, such as security issues, data availability and storage, and the
requirement for high-speed networks are also discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 2 discusses issues related to SMEs and their growth in the global com-
petitive market. This chapter explores the reasons such as low adherence between
the governing dimensions of their bushiness, customers, processes, employees, and
finances in the context of Indian SMEs and prescribes a way forward to achieve
Industry 4.0 readiness. The chapter also includes a survey of 200 firms showing that
the performance of SMEs was inconsistent, resulting in defects, scrap, and rework.
Finally, the chapter concludes that Indian SMEs are less automated, and the pro-
cesses impact employee motivation directly and, in turn, customer satisfaction. Thus,
Industry 4.0 can increase the consistency and effectiveness of Indian SMEs.
vii
viii Preface
Chapter 3 discusses the construction industry and its readiness to adopt Industry
4.0. The chapter describes the four pillars of the construction industry as visualisa-
tion, integration, communication, and intelligence. The issues of data generation,
tapping, and data management in construction projects, construction site safety data,
classification and codification capability, and information modelling have also been
discussed in detail. The systematic adoption of Industry 4.0 principles for construc-
tion site safety management is also discussed in this chapter.
The concept of predictive maintenance of production machines is discussed in
Chapter 4. Machinery fault detection under the umbrella of predictive maintenance
helps monitor machinery operation via integrated sensors, generates alerts on observ-
ing noticeable deviations in sensor readings, and predicts machine failure ahead of
time. This chapter delves into the concept of artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled
machinery fault detection and provides an in-depth review of traditional and modern
approaches used in fault detection. It further explores the recent advancements in
the sensors used and extracted for fault detection in case studies. This work would
be a resourceful literature for researchers and practitioners planning to explore the
impact of artificial intelligence in smart manufacturing.
The challenges in the agricultural sector to adopting Industry 4.0 principles, such
as integrating wireless sensor networks to monitor and control crop growth and crop
harvesting using mobile robots, are addressed in Chapter 5. In addition, this chap-
ter discusses recent trends in combining sensor and actuator networks and machine
learning techniques such as reinforcement learning and kernel-based methods for
spatiotemporal modelling and control purposes in smart farming applications.
Illustrative examples and the advantages of their use in agricultural SMEs are also
discussed.
Chapter 6 presents a data-driven, digital twin of a complex laboratory gas turbine
engine (GTE) using a deep learning framework. A deep neural network compris-
ing long short-term memory (LSTM) cells is developed that maps the three inputs
with seven output parameters of a laboratory GTE to model the dynamic response.
The prediction performance of LSTM networks is compared with a conventional
non-linear autoregressive network and is found to be quite efficient in predicting the
dynamic response of GTE parameters. Furthermore, the prediction response shows
that the LSTM network–based digital twin outperforms the mathematical model.
Chapter 7 is dedicated to discussing additive manufacturing and 3D printing
technology in Industry 4.0 using a case study of prostheses development. Additive
manufacturing is one of the emerging techniques for producing equipment for medi-
cal applications. The focus of this chapter is on a lower limb prosthesis, namely the
prosthetic socket. The proposed approach is based on 3D scanning of a patient’s
residual limb and developing the prosthetic socket using polymer additive manufac-
turing (AM) utilising the fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique. In addition,
future challenges and opportunities are presented.
Chapter 8 discusses a case study on challenges in the printing sector. This chapter
aims to identify the technological gaps in the Mysore Printers Cluster and provide
recommendations to bridge the gap to create an attractive opportunity in the Industry
4.0 market. Based on the various surveys, inputs, recommendations, and suggestions
Preface ix
provided for this project, an action plan is provided that emphasises various training
modules with topics, and a brief content is proposed for future training requirements
at the Mysore Printers Cluster, to enhance the knowledge and cognitive skills of
the employees for market sustainability. The action plan is achieved by employing
domain experts to reach the grass root level in the targeted audience’s minds, which
would lead to an attractive opportunity in the Industry 4.0 market.
Chapter 9 reviews and discusses recent trends in intelligent machining. The chap-
ter is divided into three interrelated sections, i.e. machine tools, cutting tools, and
techniques. The machine tools section is focused on intelligent machine tools used in
intelligent machining. The cutting tools mainly refer to smart cutting tools and their
real-time condition monitoring in intelligent machining. The techniques section
focuses on soft computing techniques and assisted optimisation techniques used in
intelligent machining. Finally, the chapter summarises development trends in intel-
ligent machine tools, cutting tools, and optimisation techniques.
Chapter 10 describes various initiatives in India to strengthen the SME sector
and enable it to adopt Industry 4.0 principles. Several initiatives, such as the Digital
India campaign (2015), the Make in India initiative (2014), Start-up India (2015),
and Atmanirbhar Bharat (2020) have been introduced to boost the digital economy
of India. This chapter begins by delineating how government schemes/initiatives
helped boost the country’s digital infrastructure and aided the incubation of digital
start-ups that became market leaders. For this purpose, the case study method was
utilised to collect information on government initiatives and the digital economy of
the country, and is presented in this chapter.
The skills requirement of the workforce and the current level of skills are signifi-
cant concerns for industries, including SMEs, to transform from traditional manu-
facturing processes to the new Industry 4.0 revolution. Chapter 11 highlights the
necessary skills required by the present workforce for Industry 4.0 and the chal-
lenges faced by industries in meeting the need for skilled human resources.
Chapter 12 discusses the changing role of academics from the perspective of
educational transformation in this era and beyond. First, the chapter introduces the
Education 4.0 concept and discusses the evolution from the traditional concept to
the emerging one. The chapter then discusses the new era’s key skills and competen-
cies, including soft skills, challenges, and solutions that the digital transformation in
education has brought to higher education institutions (HEIs). Finally, future-ready
education ecosystems, together with their active participants, are discussed.
The editors acknowledge their gratitude to CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group for
this opportunity and their professional support. Finally, we would like to thank all
chapter authors for their interest and availability to work on this project.
Dr Ketan Kotecha
Dr Satish Kumar
Dr Arunkumar Bongale
Dr R. Suresh
