Table Of ContentIndustrialization and Assimilation
IndustrializationandAssimilationexaminestheprocessofethniciden-
titychangeinabroadhistoricalcontext.Greenexplainshowandwhy
ethnicity changes across time, showing that, by altering the basis of
economic production from land to labour and removing people from
the ‘idiocy of rural life’, industrialization makes societies more ethnic-
ally homogenous. More specifically, the author argues that industrial-
izationlowerstherelativevalueofruralland,leadingpeopletoidentify
lesswithnarrowruralidentitiesinfavourofbroaderidentitiesthatcan
aid them in navigating the formal urban economy. Using large-scale
datasetsthatspantheglobeaswellasdetailedcasestudiesrangingfrom
mid-twentieth-centuryTurkeytocontemporaryBotswana,Somaliaand
Uganda,aswellasevidencefromNativeAmericansintheUnitedStates
and the Ma¯ori in New Zealand, Industrialization and Assimilation
providesanewframeworktounderstandtheoriginsofmodernethnic
identities.
elliott d. green is Associate Professor of Development Studies in
theDepartmentofInternationalDevelopmentattheLondonSchoolof
Economics.Hisresearchfocussesontheoriginsofethnicandnational
identificationandthepoliticaleconomyofdevelopment,witharegional
focusonSub-SaharanAfrica.
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Industrialization and Assimilation
Understanding Ethnic Change in the
Modern World
ELLIOTT D. GREEN
LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience
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title:Industrializationandassimilation:understandingethnicchangeinthemodernworld/
ElliottD.Green,LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience.
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subjects:LCSH:Ethnicity–Cross-culturalstudies.|Industrialization–Cross-culturalstudies.|
Assimilation(Sociology)–Cross-culturalstudies.
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For Ashavari and Munia
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Who says theIndianrace isvanishing?
The Indians will not vanish.
The feathers,pain and moccasin will vanish, but the Indians,– never!
JustaslongasthereisadropofhumanbloodinAmerica,theIndianswill
not vanish.
His spirit iseverywhere: the American Indian will not vanish.
Hehaschanged externallybut he isnot vanished.
Heis an industrial and commercial man, competing with the world;he
has not vanished.
WhereveryouseeanIndianupholdingthestandardofhisrace,thereyou
seethe Indian Man; he has not vanished.
The man part ofthe Indian ishere, there, andeverywhere.
The Indian race vanishing?No, never! The race will live on and prosper
forever.
—‘Changing IsNot Vanishing’(1916), CarlosMontezuma,
aka Wassaja
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Contents
Listof Figures page xi
Listof Maps xiii
Listof Tables xv
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 EndogenousandExogenousEthnicity 1
1.2 TheArgument 3
1.3 WhattheTheoryDoesNotStateandScopeConditions 15
1.4 MethodologyandOrganizationoftheBook 17
2 UnderstandingEthnicity and Industrialization 22
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 EthnicityandEthnicChange 22
2.3 HorizontalvsVerticalEthnicChange 29
2.4 ABriefOverviewofIndustrialization 31
2.5 CarbonEmissions 34
2.6 Urbanization 39
2.7 Conclusion 43
3 Industrialization and Assimilation inHistorical Perspective 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Pre-modernEvidenceonIndustrializationandEthnic
IdentityChange 45
3.3 TheModernWorld,withCaseStudiesfromEuropeand
SouthAfrica 50
3.4 Conclusion 64
vii
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viii Contents
4 Cross-National Evidence 66
4.1 Introduction 66
4.2 IndustrializationandEthnicChange,1961–1985,with
SovietData 67
4.3 CensusDataonEthnicFractionalization 75
4.4 Conclusion 80
5 Industrialization and Assimilation in Mid-twentieth-
Century Turkey 83
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 BackgroundonTurkey 86
5.3 QualitativeEvidenceforEthnicHomogenizationin
Mid-twentieth-CenturyTurkey 90
5.4 QuantitativeEvidence 100
5.5 Conclusion 105
6 Casesof Non-industrialization in Africa: SomaliaandUganda 108
6.1 Introduction 108
6.2 IndustrializationandEthnicChangeinModernAfrica 111
6.3 UnderdevelopmentandEthnicFractionalizationinSomalia 113
6.4 AgrarianEthnicIdentityinUganda 123
6.5 Conclusion 134
7 ‘Cattle withoutLegs’: StructuralTransformation in Botswana 136
7.1 Introduction 136
7.2 TheProcessofIndustrializationinBotswana 138
7.3 EthnicityinBotswana:AnOverview 144
7.4 ExplainingAssimilationinBotswana 148
7.5 DebatesaroundEthnicIdentityandIndigeneityinBotswana 154
7.6 AlternativeExplanationsforEthnicChangeinBotswana 157
7.7 Conclusion 159
8 EthnicChange amongNative Americansin the United States 161
8.1 Introduction 161
8.2 Pre-industrialLifeamongNativeAmericans,fromthe
Pre-colonialPeriodupto1900 162
8.3 IndustrializationandUrbanizationamongNativeAmericans,
from1900tothePresent 165
8.4 A‘NewUrbanTribeinaNewUrbanHomeland’:Ethnic
HomogenizationamongNativeAmericans 168
8.5 TheRevitalizationofLandthroughNativeAmericanCasinos 177
8.6 Conclusion 184
9 EthnicChange amongthe Ma¯ori inNew Zealand 186
9.1 Introduction 186
9.2 TheMa¯oriuptoWorldWarII 187
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Contents ix
9.3 Ma¯oriUrbanizationandHomogenizationfromWorld
WarIItothePresent 188
9.4 Fisheriesand‘Neotribalism’amongtheMa¯ori 194
9.5 EvidenceforRe-tribalizationinNewZealand 197
9.6 TheOtherTwoNeo-Europes:IndigenousCommunities
inCanadaandAboriginesinAustralia 204
9.7 Conclusion 210
10 Conclusion 212
10.1 Introduction 212
10.2 FourLessonsonHowtoStudyEthnicityandEthnicChange 212
10.3 ProspectsforIndustrializationandAssimilationintheFuture 219
Appendix: Country-LevelData Used in Chapter4 229
Bibliography 237
Index 269
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