Table Of ContentIndustrial Policy in Europe after 1945
Industrial Policy in Europe
after 1945
Wealth, Power and Economic
Development in the Cold War
Edited by
Christian Grabas
Research Assistant, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
and
Alexander Nützenadel
Professor of Social and Economic History, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
Editorial Matter, selection and introduction © Christian Grabas and
Alexander Nützenadel 2014
Remaining chapters © Respective authors 2014
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-32989-9
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Contents
List of Figures vii
List of Tables ix
Acknowledgements xii
List of Contributors xiii
Introduction 1
Christian Grabas and Alexander Nützenadel
Part I Western Europe
1 European industrial policies in the post-war boom:
‘Planning the economic miracle’ 13
James Foreman-Peck
2 The state and industrial policy in Britain, 1950–1974 48
Martin Chick
3 What’s in a name? French industrial policy, 1950–1975 67
William James Adams
4 Ensuring economic growth and socioeconomic stabilization:
Industrial policy in West Germany, 1950–1975 86
Stefan Grüner
5 Swedish industrial policy: From general policies to
crisis management, 1950–1980 113
Jan Bohlin
6 Planning the economic miracle? Industrial policy
in Italy between boom and crisis, 1950–1975 134
Christian Grabas
7 Was it a Spanish miracle? Development plans and
regional industrialization, 1950–1975 162
Joseba De la Torre and Mario García-Zúñiga
Part II Transnational and Global Perspectives
8 Towards a global history of the Marshall Plan. European
post-war reconstruction and the rise of development
economic expertise 187
Daniel Speich Chassé
v
vi Contents
9 Towards a European industrial policy? The European
Economic Community (EEC) debates, 1957–1975 213
Laurent Warlouzet
10 Entangled industrialization. The EEC and industrial
development in Francophone West Africa 236
Martin Rempe
11 The EEC and the challenge of the ACP states’
industrialization, 1972–1975 256
Guia Migani
Part III The Soviet Bloc
12 Industrial policy and its failure in the Soviet Bloc 279
Ivan T. Berend
13 Planning priorities, managing shortages: Industrial
policy in the German Democratic Republic, from
Stalinism to welfare dictatorship 300
Ralf Ahrens
14 Economic growth and the industrial development policy
in Hungary, 1950–1975 321
Pál Germuska
15 Industrial performance in the USSR: Influences of state
priorities, economic system, industrial policies and
hidden processes, 1945–1980 337
Christopher Mark Davis
Index 372
List of Figures
1.1 Distribution of European industrial production
in relation to p opulation, 1950 (1 = average) 18
1.2 Labour productivity in manufacturing in
selected countries, 1950 (UK = 100) 19
1.3 Industrial growth and convergence in
Western Europe, 1948–1962 20
1.4 European growth and convergence, 1950–1973 21
1.5 Electricity production growth in selected
European countries, 1938–1962 26
1.6 Effective rates of assistance to selected
West German industries, 1958–1975 28
1.7 Military commitment in industrial man years per
1000 inhabitants in selected countries, 1950 and 1951 31
1.8 Economic growth, 1950–1973 (annual percentages)
and national coordination in Western Europe
(Belot Index) during the ‘Economic Miracle’ 37
1.9 Economic growth in Western Europe, 1950–1973
(controlled for ‘catch up’ potential and
national coordination) 38
1.10 Export growth and GDP per capita growth in
Western Europe, 1950–1973 (controlled for convergence) 43
5.1 The share of Swedish exports in GDP, 1920–1980
(in percentages) 116
5.2 The evolution of inter-industry wage dispersion.
Coefficient of variation for male hourly wages in the
Swedish manufacturing and mining industry, 1950–1980 119
5.3 Employment shares for various sectors in the Swedish
manufacturing and mining industry, 1950–1980
(in percentages) 120
5.4 Labour productivity, real wages, and product wages
in the Swedish manufacturing and mining industry,
1950–1980 (1950 = 100) 126
vii
viii List of Figures
6.1 R eal per capita GDP in selected Western
European countries and in the United States,
1938–1990 (in 1990 US $) 136
6.2 P eriods of real per capita GDP development
in Italy, 1938–1990 (in 1990 US $) 137
7.1 Spanish industrial policy, 1959–1975 168
7.2 S pain’s gross domestic product (GDP) by sector,
1930–1975 (in percentages) 170
7.3 A utomobile output in the growth pole provinces
in Spain, 1953–1999 177
7-A.1 Growth poles selected by the Planning Commission
(light grey) and by local institutions (dark grey) in Spain 181
12.1 S oviet GDP compared with Western Europe’s GDP,
1913–1950 (in percentages, Western Europe’s GDP = 100) 284
12.2 European exports, 1950–2000 (in trillion US $) 294
13.1 S hares of selected industrial sectors in overall gross
investment in the GDR, 1955–1989 (in percentages) 304
13.2 E ast German gross investment quotas, 1949–1989
(in percentages of national income) 313
14.1 T he economic growth of Hungary’s NMP in current
and constant prices, 1951–1975 (in percentages) 323
14.2 T he distribution of industrial investments in
Hungary, 1950–1975 329
15.1 I ndustry, the economic system and industrial
performance indicators 340
15.2 F inancial flows of producers (firms) in the
Soviet second economy 346
15.3 E stimates of rents extracted from the Soviet oil and
gas industries, 1970–1990 362
List of Tables
1.1 Sectoral distribution of R&D in manufacturing in selected
Western European countries and in the United States,
1967 and 1975 (government-financed as percentage of
total g overnment R&D) 29
1.2 Defence expenditure in Western Europe, 1950–1975
(in percentages of GNP) 31
1.3 ‘Catch up’ growth and opening up, 1950–1973 42
2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) in the United
Kingdom by industry group, 1950–1975 (in percentages) 50
2.2 Gross national product (GNP) in the United Kingdom by
industry, 1950–1975 (in percentages) 51
3.1 Growth of gross domestic product (GDP) in selected
countries for selected intervals, 1870–1979 68
3.2 Growth of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
in selected countries, 1950–1973 68
3.3 Relative standards of living in selected countries,
1950–1975 69
3.4 Distribution of French economic sectors by growth of
employment, 1954–1975 71
3.5 Distribution of French exports by destination, 1952–1975
(in percentages) 78
5.1 Macroeconomic indicators for Sweden, 1950–1980 123
6.1 Levels and compound annual rates of growth of
real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in
Western Europe, 1950–1973 (in US $ = 1990 and in
percentages per year) 135
6.2 Value added of real per capita gross domestic
product (GDP) in Italy, 1861–1981 (in percentages) 135
6.3 Averaged growth rates of selected macroeconomic key
indicators in Italy, 1951–1973 (in percentages) 143
6.4 Regional value added per labour unit in Southern Italy,
1951–1974 (Central–North Italy = 100) 154
ix
x List of Tables
7.1 Industrial employment in the growth pole
provinces in Spain, 1940–1975 (in percentages;
decimals rounded) 172
7.2 Spanish national and growth pole industrial gross
value added (GVA) growth rates, 1935–1975
(based on 1995 constant pesetas, in percentages) 173
7.3 Results obtained by the state’s growth pole policies
and by the industrial development plan for Navarre,
1964–1970 175
9.1 Turnover of the most important car companies, 1965
(in million US $) 219
10.1 S ectoral disbursement of the European
Development Fund, 1958–1975 240
10.2 L oans from the European Investment Bank for
industrial projects in the associated countries in
Africa, 1964–1975 240
11.1 E uropean Development Fund and contributions of
the European Investment Bank to the associated states,
1958–1974 (in million US $, units of account) 258
11.2 E EC industrial financing in the AASM
(Associated African States and Madagascar)
countries, 1958–1974 (in thousands of units of account) 259
11.3 S hare of developing regions in world manufacturing,
value added and exports, 1960–1976 (in percentages) 261
11.4 T he Nine’s share of ACP trade, 1966–1973
(in percentages, world = 100) 262
11.5 E uropean Community imports from ACP by
main product c ategories, 1976 262
11.6 E uropean Community imports from ACP of primary
and manufactured products, 1976 (in million EUA) 264
12.1 E conomic growth in Central and Eastern
Europe and in the Soviet Union, 1950–1989 286
12.2 A veraged rates of investment and economic
growth in Hungary, 1951–1975 (in percentages) 290
12.3 C omparative economic growth in Europe, 1950–1992 297
14.1 T he distribution of the newly settled factories and
their workers between the regions of Hungary, 1955–1956 332
