Table Of ContentFurther titles in this series
1. I.L. ELLIOT and W. K. FLETCHER (Editors)
GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION 1974
2. P.M. D. BRADSHAW (Editor)
CONCEPTUAL MODELS IN EXPLORATION GEOCHEMISTRY
The Canadian Cordillera and Canadian Shield
3. G.J. S. GOVETT and M. H. GOVETT (Editors)
WORLD MINERAL SUPPLIES
Assessment and Perspective
4. R.T. S HUE Y
SEMICONDUCTING ORE MINERALS
5. J.S. SUMNER
PRINCIPLES OF INDUCED POLARIZATION FOR GEOPHYSICAL
EXPLORATION
6. R. A. RICH, H. D. HOLLAND and U. PETERSEN
HYDROTHERMAL URANIUM DEPOSITS
7. J.G. MORSE (Editor)
NUCLEAR METHODS IN MINERAL EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION
8. M. KUlVART and M. BÖHMER
PROSPECTING AND EXPLORATION FOR MINERAL DEPOSITS
9. C.R. M. BUTT and I. G. P. WILDING (Editors)
GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION 1976
10. G.B. FETTWEIS
WORLD COAL RESOURCES
Methods of Assessments and Results
11. R.G. TAYLOR
GEOLOGY OF TIN DEPOSITS
12. H.K. GUPTA
GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES
An Energy Alternative
13. C. RM. BUTT and R E. SMITH (Editors)
CONCEPTUAL MODELS IN EXPLORATION GEOCHEMISTRY, 4
Australia
14. G. BÁRDOSSY
KARSTIC BAUXITES
1 5. A. W. ROSE and H. GUNDLACH (Editors)
GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION 1980
16. R. W. BOYLE
GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING FOR THORIUM
AND URANIUM DEPOSITS
17. G. R. PARSLOW (Editor)
GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION 1982
18. M. KUlVART
INDUSTRIAL MINERALS AND ROCKS
Developments in Economic Geology, 18
INDUSTRIAL MINERALS
AND ROCKS
MILOS KUZVART
Associate Professor
Department of Geology at the Fatuity
of Natural Sciences, Charles University, Prague
ELSEVIER
Amsterdam - Oxford - New York - Tokyo 1984
Scientific Editor
Doc. RNDr. Jan Petránek, DrSc.
Reviewer
RNDr. Vaclav Harms, CSc.
Published in co-edition with ACADEMIA, Publishing House
of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague
Distribution of this book is being handled by the following publishers
for the U. S. A. and Canada
Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc.
52 Vanderbilt Avenue
New York, N. Y. 10017, U. S. A.
for the East European Countries, China, Northern Korea,
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Academia, Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy
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for all remaining areas
Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.
P. O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam/The Netherlands
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Ku£vart, MiloS.
Industrial minerals and rocks.
(Developments in economic geology ; 18)
Translated from the Czech.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Mines and mineral resources. 2. Geology, Economic.
I. Title. II. Series.
TN263.K89 198U 553 8I+-60U0
ISBN 0-4kk- 99605-2
ISBN 0 - 444 - 99605 - 2 (Vol. 18)
ISBN 0 - 444 - 41250 - 6 (Series)
With 100 Illustrations
© M. Kuzvart, Prague 1984
Translation © H. Zárubová 1984
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,or
otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers
Printed in Czechoslovakia
This book is dedicated to two outstanding specialists in the field
of industriel minerals and rocks
to Professor Emeritus of the Ohio state University
Robert L. Bates
and to the memory of Professor of the Gorny Institute
in Leningrad Pavel Mikhailovich Tatarinov
5
An aura of adventure and romanoe has
grown up about the search for 011 and the
aristocratic metals; we have recently ob
served one being built up around uranium.
While the gold rush mS7 never be matohed
by a sand-and-gravel rush, nevertheles.
some nonmetallics came tro. deposit. com
parable in value to the richer metal de
posits.
Robert L. Bates (1969): GeologJ of the
Industrial Minerals and Rooks
7
Preface
This handbook has grown out of the lectures the author has giren
at the Faculty of Sciences at Charles University. It takes into consi-
deration the world literature on the subject and the work done by Czech
and Slovak economic geologists since the establishment of centralized
geological servioe in Czechoslovakia in 1952; these results were pub-
lished in scientific journals, archive reports, and especially in mo-
nographs on the industrial minerals*
Czechoslovakia provides a particularly suitable setting for the
study of industrial mineral deposits· More than 800 such deposits (In-
cluding building materials) are being worked there at the present time,
and have been the subject of exploration in the last thirty years·
The author has had the privilege of complementing his experience
In the exploration of various non-metalllo deposits in Czechoslovakia,
mainly of talc, magneslte, kaolin and clay, by visits to deposits of
industrial minerals abroad· During 1956-1976 he had the opportunity ol
studying the deposits of cement materials in Egypt and Guinea, of ce-
ramic and other raw materials in Japan, Mongolia, Turkey, Iraq, Nige-
ria, Ghana, Spain, England, France, F.R.G·, G.D.R., Poland, Hungary
and Bulgaria·
The practical Importance of industrial minerals lies in their ap-
plication in modern industry· Progress in atomic and nuclear technique,
in space research and in the protection of the human environment often
demands new non-metallic materials or leads to new applications for
those already known· Industrial minerals are typical raw materials of
the second industrial revolution; they are the raw materials of the
third mlllenlum·
13
1. INTRODUCTION
The geology of mineral raw materials deals with ores,industrial
minerals and rocks, coal, oil and natural gas· Together with hydrogeo-
logy, engineering geology, applied geophysics, and the prospecting for
and exploration of the deposits of raw materials,it forms part of eco-
nomic geology, which is based on the theoretical results of all geolo-
gical and allied sciences· The theoretical basis of economic geology
uses the results of applied mathematics, physics and chemistry· The
study of mineral deposits utilises theoretical and practical results
of mineralogy, geochemistry, petrology, stratigraphies! and structural
geology, mining, geodesy, economics, technical sciences and other scien-
tific branches·
The geology of the deposits of industrial minerals and rocks pro-
vides the mining industry with data on the location, size and quality
of deposits that are a prerequisite for their utilization.
The use of industrial minerals is of extraordinary importance for
the civilization and culture of mankind »In the U.S.A.. the exploitation
of non-metallic minerals and metals amounts to 18 tons per oaplta per
year in 1979· The energy consumption corresponds to the performance of
twelve horses working day and night for every single inhabitant of
the U.S.A.
The consumption of mineral raw materials and energy by the Austra-
lian aborigines, from whom an idea of the technological knowledge and
cultural requirements of Stone Age Man can be formed, makes a few kilo-
grams of stone and several faggots of wood per year (leaving aside the
heating value of a hairless breed of dogs providing a source of warmth
at night)·
The main discrepancy of the modern world - the difference between
highly industrialized and developing countries - is also manifested in
the exploitation and consumption of mineral materials. The industrial
countries with 30 % of world population govern 80 % of the world eco-
nomy. The developing countries furnish to the industrial countries with
15 % of their intake of raw materials· The world commerce in mineral
raw materials comprises about one fourth of the total world commerce.
1.1 The term "Industrial minerals and rocks"
The term "industrial mineral" is not defined so strictly as the
term "ore", which is mostly a source of metal, or as that of "fossil
fuel" (coal, oil, natural gas), which is predominantly a source of
14
energy· In both the latter oases the characteristic feature is the che-
mistry of the ore (besides the content of impurities,dressability,etc·)
or fuel (besides the content of dirt bands, sulphur, etc.)· The charac-
teristic features of industrial minerals, however, lie in their physi-
cal properties (e*g·, fibrosity of asbestos, insulatory properties of
mica, the high specific gravity of barite)· Therefore, not only geolo-
gical, but also technological evaluation of raw material is of importan-
ce in the study of industrial minerals·
In this handbook raw materials of several types are considered
under the term "industrial minerals and rocks"ι
1. raw materials that are used in industry in variously prepared forms
of minerals (e.g. talc, asbestos, diamond) or rooks (e.g., diatoma-
ceous earth, bentonite, ochre);
2. raw materials that serve as a source of non-metallic elements (py-
rite as a source of sulphur, fluorite for fluorine, apatite for
phosphorus) or their simple compounds (e.g· borates for ELBO^ cr
B 0 );
2 3
3· raw materials of non-metallic habit that are sources of metals, and
also of their compounds employed in other than metallurgical indus-
tries (e.g· beryl as a source of BeO, magnesite of MgO, and bauxite
or Al-laterite as a source of AlgO^j all these three oxides are re-
fractory materials· Nickel-bearing latérite, which is a source of
nickel does not belong in this category);
4· building materials (e.g. granite, gravel and sand, brickloam)·
In the division of mineral raw materials (except for fossil fuels)
the term "non-ore" is only used in the Czech and older German and Polish
literature· The Anglo-Saxon and Russian literatures use the terms "non-
-metallio" or "industrial minerals or rocks" to denote the "non-ores";
on the other hand, the term "ore" is also employed, for example, for
asbestos, talc, magnesite and similar raw materials·
Some raw materials have a twofold use· Hematite, for example, is
a Fe-mineral and simultaneously a component of mineral pigment,or chro-
mite is a chromium ore and refractory material and abrasive material
as well·
1.2 Classification of industrial minerals and rocks
and principal textbooks on this subject
The classification principles, their advantages and drawbacks and
a list of the principal textbooks are given in Table 1. Opinions on
the genesis of non-metallic deposits, their use in industry and their
economic usefulness are changing with the development of investigatory
15
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ndustrial s of worlure yers, 195 ed., I96 197ed.f 1967 VakanJ ae f1969 c,1970 1970 ki, 1974
i et Mn i a s
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ons and basic tex ect ngement of ma-als from abra-s to zeolites ngement after ical system of rals(element s, ids,hydroxides, ) sion of non-ores elements,crystalrals and rocks sion into chemicarals (source of ents) and physicarals (used as rals) sion into igneousmentary,metamor-ed, hydro thermal-asomatic rooks
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*
968 955; al.,I96464; 69; 69; 72 ht,1962 \ni,19681 1968,· ., 1969
1 1t9999 gi,d
i, , e 11 1,1 rirtij e 69
ck ovkio,, v,yk ,WMaskov 19
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