Industrial Electronics for Engineers, Chemists, and Technicians: With Optional Lab Experiments

300 Pages·2007·2.012 MB·English

by  Daniel J. Shanefield

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
FOR ENGINEERS, CHEMISTS,
AND TECHNICIANS,

WITH OPTIONAL LAB EXPERIMENTS

Daniel J. Shanefield

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY

Noyes Publications
Distributed by
William Andrew Publishing
www.williamandrew.com
Copyright  2001 by Noyes Publication
No part of this book may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, elec-
tonic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the Publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 00-52188
ISBN: 0-8155-1467-0
Printed in the United States

Published in the United States of America by
Noyes Publications / William Andrew Publishing
13 Eaton Avenue
Norwich, NY 13815
1-800-932-7045
www.knovel.com

1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4321

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Shanefield, Daniel J., 1930-
Industrial electronics for engineers, chemists, and technicians / by
Daniel J. Shanefield
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-8155-1467-0
1. Industrial electronics. I. Title
TK7881 .S52 2001 2001
621.381—dc21 00-52188
CIP
CONTENTS

Preface xiii
1. Introduction 1
THE INDUCTIVE, DESTRUCTIVE KICK 1
EXPERIMENTS 2
SAFETY NOTE 4
The Neon Flash 6
The Radio Transmitter Of The Ship Titanic 9
GRADING BY THE INSTRUCTOR 10
ADDITIONAL READING 10
EQUIPMENT NOTES 10
2. Ohm's Law and Measurements 11
THE WATER ANALOG 11

OHM'S LAW 13
FORCE 14
ENERGY 15
FIELD 15
VOLTAGE, THE STRANGE ONE 15
MORE DIMENSIONS, LEADING TO POWER 16
NONLINEAR RESISTANCES 18
THE MULTIMETER 20
EXPERIMENTS 21
Ammeter 21
Voltmeter 24
Ohmmeter 24
EQUIPMENT NOTES 25

v
vi Contents

3. Resistances in Parallel 27
RESISTOR TYPES 27
Methods for Obtaining Resistance 27
Standard RETMA Values 28
Color Coding 29
TWO RESISTORS 30
Water Analog 30
Electrical Example 30
EXPERIMENTS 32
Current 32
Resistance 33
THE AMMETER "SHUNT" 33
EQUIPMENT NOTES 33
4. Series Resistances, I: Bad Output Voltages 35
TWO RESISTORS 35
Water Analog 35
Electrical Example 37
EXPERIMENTS 39
Resistance 39
Current 40
Voltage 41
The Potentiometer 43
LESSONS 45
A Power Source of Exactly 1.00 Volt 45
Bad Batteries 45
The Rheostat 46
High "Upper" Resistance in the Potentiometer 47
EQUIPMENT NOTES 48
5. Series Resistances, II: Bad Measurements 49
EXPERIMENTS 49
THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 51
EQUIPMENT NOTES 53
6. Series Resistances, III: Bad Grounds 55
TRUE GROUND 55
STANDARD CONNECTIONS 58
Contents vii

THE CHASSIS 59
EXPERIMENTS 60
Simultaneous Switching Noise ("SSN") 60
Ground Loops 61
GUARDS 64
EQUIPMENT NOTES 64
7. Soldering 65
STRIPPING INSULATION FROM WIRE 65
MAKING A GOOD SOLDER JOINT 66
EQUIPMENT NOTES 69
8. The Oscilloscope 71
WHAT IT IS 71
WHAT IT DOES 73
Internally Timed Horizontal 73
External Signals to the Horizontal and Vertical 75
EXPERIMENTS 75
The Basic Oscilloscope 75
The Sine Wave 77
The SquareWave 79
High Input Resistance and EMI 79
The Twisted Pair 80
Balanced Lines 80
Shielding 81
X Versus Y Inputs 82
The Curve Tracer 83
TELEVISION 85
EQUIPMENT NOTES 87
9. Capacitors 89
WATER ANALOG 89
WHAT A CAPACITOR IS 90
EXPERIMENTS 95
Voltage Versus Time 95
Voltage Versus Current 97
Phase 98
Reactance 99
LOSSLESS CONTROL 102
viii Contents

EQUIPMENT NOTES 102
10. Inductors 103
ELECTROMAGNETS AND GENERATORS 103
EXPERIMENTS 105
Transformers 105
Autotransformers and Inductors 106
Shorted Additional Coil 108
Snubbers 110
Symbols 111
Voltage Versus Current 111
Phase 112
Current Versus Time 113
Reactance 113
Inductance 114
LOSSLESS CONTROL 115
SATURABLE CORES AND MAG-AMPS 115
EQUIPMENT NOTES 115
11. Filters and Resonance 117
SIMPLE RC FILTERS 117
The Decibel (dB) 120
EXPERIMENTS 122
Low-pass RC 122
High-pass RC 123
OTHER FILTERS 123
RL Butterworth Filters 123
Second Order, LC Filters 124
RESONANCE 126
EXPERIMENTS, PART 2 128
Parallel LC Resonator 128
EQUIPMENT NOTES 128
12. Relays 129
WHAT THEY ARE 129
EXPERIMENTS 133
Simple Relay Circuit 133
Timing with the Oscilloscope 133
Positive Feedback and Latching 136
Contents ix

Circuit Breaker 137
Negative Feedback and Oscillation 138
EQUIPMENT NOTES 140
13. Semiconductors 141
WHAT THEY ARE 141
Quantum Mechanics 142
Energy Bands 142
Band Gaps 144
Metals 145
Insulators 145
Dopants 146
14. Diodes 149
WHAT THEY ARE 149
Rectifiers 149
EXPERIMENTS 151
Characteristic Curves 151
Rectification 154
Peak Versus RMS Voltage 155
DIODE BRIDGES 156
VOLTAGE MULTIPLIERS 157
Full Wave Voltage Doubler 157
Voltage Quadrupler 158
DIODE SNUBBERS 159
SOLDERING SEMICONDUCTORS 160
OTHER DIODES 160
Piezoelectric Diodes 163
EQUIPMENT NOTES 164
15. The Bipolar Transistor 165
WHAT IT IS 165
EXPERIMENTS 167
Common Base 167
Common Emitter 168
Regulated Power Supply 170
Gain 172
Nonlinearity 173
Bias 173
x Contents

Darlington Pair with Piezo Sensor 173
EQUIPMENT NOTES 175
16. Sine Wave Oscillators 177
FEEDBACK AND OSCILLATION 177
Phase Shift Oscillator 178
EXPERIMENTS 181
Armstrong Amplifier and Oscillators 181
Colpitts Oscillators 184
Accurate Timing 185
Blocking Oscillator 185
EQUIPMENT NOTES 186
17. Multivibrators 187
WHAT THEY ARE 187
EXPERIMENTS 187
Astable Square Wave Generator 187
Monostable Pulser 189
Bistable Flip-Flop 190
EQUIPMENT NOTES 191
18. FETs and Tubes 193
VACUUM TUBES 193
FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS 195
JFETs 195
Constant Current Diode 196
MOSFETs 198
CMOS 199
ESD Sensitivity 200
EXPERIMENT 200
EQUIPMENT NOTES 201
19. Radio and Modulation 203
RADIO WAVES 203
EXPERIMENTS 204
Crystal Radio Receiver 204
Damped Wave Transmitter 206
MODULATION AND DEMODULATION 207
Amplitude Modulated (AM) Transmission 207
Frequency Modulated (FM) Transmission 209
Contents xi

Binary Digital Transmission 209
IMPEDANCE MATCHING AND REFLECTIONS 213
EQUIPMENT NOTES 214

20. Electric Motors 215
WHAT THEY ARE 215
DC Types 215
AC Types 217
Repulsion Motors 217
Induction Motors 218
Methods for Starting 220
THREE PHASE AC 222
21. SCRs and Triacs 227
THROTTLING AC CURRENT 227
EXPERIMENTS 228
Complementary Monostable Pair 228
Schmitt Trigger 230
MONOLITHIC DEVICES 231
PNPN Trigger Diode 231
Silicon Control Rectifier (SCR) 231
Diacs and Triacs 232
EXPERIMENTS, PART 2 233
Relaxation Oscillators 233
Power Controllers 234
PROPORTIONAL CONTROLLERS 236
The Effect of P 238
The Effect of I 238
The Effect of D 238
EQUIPMENT NOTES 239
22. Photonics 241
WHAT IT IS 241
EXPERIMENTS 242
Photons to Electrons and Back Again 242
Electrons to Photons and Back Again 243
Photon-to-Photon Conversions 244
xii Contents

Photocopiers and Laser Printers 246
EQUIPMENT NOTES 248

23. Analog OpAmp ICs 249
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 249
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 250
Differential Amplifiers 250
EXPERIMENTS 252
The 386 Op-Amp 252
Breadboard Module 253
EQUIPMENT NOTES 255
24. Digital Microprocessor ICs 257
WHAT THEY ARE 257
EXPERIMENTS 258
Reading Low Level Data Inside the IC Chips 258
Measuring a Resistance with BASIC 259
EQUIPMENT NOTES 259
Equipment List for Entire Course 261
Appendix 265
RESISTIVITIES 265
DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS 266
DIELECTRIC STRENGTHS 267
MAGNETIC PERMEABILITIES 268
VACUUM TUBE CHARACTERISTICS 269
FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS 271
BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS 272
Glossary 273
Index 285
GREEK LETTER SUPPLEMENT 302

Examinaton Questions 303
Answers 308