Industrial Electronics and Control

465 Pages·2014·14.45 MB·English

by  Biswanath Paul

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND
CONTROL
Including
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
CONTROLLER
THIRD EDITION
BISWANATH PAUL
Department of Electrical Engineering
Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray Polytechnic
Jadavpur
West Bengal Technical Education
Kolkata
Delhi-110092
2014
INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL Including Programmable Logic Controller Third
Edition Biswanath Paul © 2014 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of
this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in
writing from the publisher.
ISBN-978-81-203-4990-2
The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.
Twelfth Printing (Third Edition)……………………………………………………………July, 2014
Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial
Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Rajkamal Electric Press, Plot No. 2, Phase IV, HSIDC, Kundli-
131028, Sonepat, Haryana.
I offer this work to the love of my parents
Late Shri Anil Bandhu Paul
and
Smt. Chinmoyee Paul
CONTENTS FOREWORD………XIX
PREFACE………XXI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………XXIII
1. POWER SUPPLIES………1–58
1.1 Introduction………1
1.2 Power Supply………1
1.3 Rectifier ………2
1.3.1 Half-wave Rectifier………2
1.3.2 Full-wave Rectifier Using Centre-tap Transformer………5
1.3.3 Full-wave Bridge Rectifier………7
1.4 Performance Parameters of Power Supplies………7
1.4.1 Rectifier Efficiency or Ratio of Rectification………7
1.4.2 Utilisation Factor of a Transformer ………10
1.4.3 Peak Inverse Voltage (P.I.V.) or Peak Reverse Voltage (P.R.V.)
………10
1.4.4 Voltage Regulation………11
1.4.5 Line Regulation or Source Regulation………11
1.4.6 Load Regulation………12
1.4.7 Thermal Regulation………12
1.4.8 Temperature Stability………12
1.4.9 Maximum Power Dissipation………12
1.4.10 Ripple Rejection………12
1.4.11 Stabilisation Factor………12
1.4.12 Ripple Factor………13
1.5 Comparison of Rectifier Circuits (with Resistive Load)………14
1.6 Filtering………15
1.6.1 Capacitor Filter (Shunt Capacitor Filter)………15
1.6.2 Inductor Filter (Series Inductor Filter)………17
1.6.3 Choke Input Filter (LC Filter) ………18
1.6.4 Pi (p) Filter or CLC Filter………19
1.7 Function of a Bleeder Resistor in Filter Circuits………20
1.8 Voltage Multipliers………20
1.8.1 Half-wave Voltage Doubler………20
1.8.2 Full-wave Voltage Doubler………22
1.9 Regulated Power Supply………23
1.9.1 Zener Diode Voltage Regulator………24
1.9.2 Transistorised Series Voltage Regulator or Feedback
Regulator………26
1.9.3 Transistorised Series Voltage Regulator Using 741 IC Op-amp
(Op-amp Voltage Regulator) ………28
1.9.4 Transistorised Shunt Voltage Regulator………29
1.9.5 The 723/723C Voltage Regulator ………29
1.10 Three-Terminal IC Voltage Regulators………32
1.10.1 Three-terminal Fixed Positive Voltage Regulator (LM78xx)
………32
1.10.2 Three-terminal Adjustable Positive Voltage Regulator (LM78xx)
………35
1.10.3 Three-terminal Current Regulator Using LM78xx………36
1.10.4 Three-terminal Fixed Negative Voltage Regulator (LM79xx)
………36
1.10.5 Additional Protection of Thermal Overload by Using External Pass
Transistor for the 78xx Series………37
1.10.6 Current Limiting Circuit for the 78xx Series Voltage
Regulators………38
1.11 Switching Regulator or Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS)
………39
1.12 Comparison of Linear Power Supply and SMPS………41
1.13 Switch Mode Converter………42
1.13.1 Flyback Converter………42
1.13.2 Buck Converter or Forward Converter or Step-down Converter
(Regulator)………43
1.13.3 Boost Converter or Step-up Converter (Regulator)………44
1.13.4 Buck-boost Converter (Regulator)………45
1.13.5 Cuk Converter or Regulator………45
1.13.6 Comparison of Buck, Boost, and Buck-boost Regulators………47
1.13.7 3524 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Voltage Regulator………47
Multiple Choice Questions………50
True or False Statements………56
Review Questions………57
Problems………58
2. DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS………59–99
2.1 Introduction………59
2.1.1 Ebers–Moll Model………59
2.2 Differential Amplifier………61
2.2.1 Double-Ended Input and Double-Ended Output Differential
Amplifier………61
2.2.2 Single-Ended Input and Double-Ended Output Differential
Amplifier………64
2.2.3 Double-Ended Input and Single-Ended Output Differential
Amplifier………66
2.2.4 Single-Ended Input and Single-Ended Output Differential
Amplifier………66
2.3 Difference Mode and Common Mode Signals………71
2.4 DC Analysis of a Differential Amplifier………72
2.5 Different Terminologies of Differential Amplifiers………72
2.5.1 Tail Current of a Differential Amplifier………72
2.5.2 Input Bias Current of a Differential Amplifier………74
2.5.3 Input Offset Current of a Differential Amplifier ………74
2.5.4 Input Impedance of a Differential Amplifier………74
2.6 Rejection of Common Mode Signal by Differential Amplifier ………77
2.7 Differential Amplifier with Common Mode Signal………78
2.8 Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)………79
2.9 Differential Amplifier with a Constant Current Source………81
2.10 Current Mirror………84
2.10.1 Widlar Current Mirror ………85
2.10.2 Wilson Current Mirror ………87
2.11 Hybrid Parameters for Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)………89
2.12 Hybrid Model for BJTs in Common Emitter Configuration………90
2.13 The Darlington Amplifier………93
2.14 Differential Amplifier with Darlington Configuration………95
2.15 Cascaded Differential Amplifier Stages………96
2.16 Powering of a Differential Amplifier by a Dual Supply………96
Multiple Choice Questions………97
True or False Statements ………98
Review Questions………99
Problems………99
3. Operational Amplifiers………100–173
3.1 Introduction………100
3.2 Interpreting the mA741 Op-amp Series………101
3.3 Op-amp Characteristics………104
3.4 Open-Loop Op-amp Configuration………107
3.5 Closed-Loop Op-amp Configuration………108
3.6 Terminologies of Op-amp………109
3.6.1 Virtual Ground………109
3.6.2 Slew Rate………110
3.6.3 Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)………112
3.7 Typical Parameters of Monolithic mA741C Op-amp………113
3.8 Linear Applications of Operational Amplifier………114
3.8.1 The Inverting Amplifier or Negative Scale Changer or Scale
Changing Amplifier………114
3.8.2 Noninverting Amplifier………118
3.8.3 Unity Gain Buffer (Voltage Follower)………121
3.8.4 Adder or Summing Amplifier (Inverting Mode)………121
3.8.5 Adder/Summing Amplifier (Noninverting Mode)………122
3.8.6 Subtractor (Difference Amplifier)………123
3.8.7 Adder-Subtractor ………125
3.8.8 Instrumentation Amplifier ………129
3.8.9 Current-to-Voltage Follower………132
3.8.10 Voltage-to-Current Follower/v to i Converter………133
3.8.11 Logarithmic Amplifier………134
3.8.12 Precision Rectifier………135
3.9 Nonlinear Applications of Op-amps………138
3.9.1 Differentiator………138
3.9.2 Integrator………139
3.9.3 Op-comparator………142
3.9.4 Noninverting Comparator………142
3.9.5 Inverting Comparator………144
3.9.6 Zero-crossing Detector………144
3.9.7 Schmitt Trigger………145
3.9.8 Relaxation Oscillator………148
3.9.9 Window Comparator………150
3.9.10 Op-comp as Rectangular-to-Triangular Pulse Converter………151
3.9.11 Op-comp as Triangular-to-Rectangular Pulse Converter………151
3.10 Wien Bridge Oscillator Using Op-amp………151
3.11 Function Generator Using 741 Op-amp………154
3.12 Frequency Response of an Op-amp………155
3.13 The LM725 (Instrumentation) Op-amp………157
3.14 The LM709 Op-amp………158
3.15 Block Representation of a Typical Op-amp………159
3.15.1 Simplified Circuit Diagram of the 741 IC Op-amp………160
3.16 Power Supplies for Integrated Circuits………161
3.17 Filters………161
3.17.1 Active Low-pass Filter Using Op-amp………162
3.17.2 Active High-pass Filter Using Op-amp………162
3.18 Audio Amplifier………163
3.19 Classification of Integrated Circuits ………164
3.19.1 Types of Integrated Circuits………164
Multiple Choice Questions………165
True or False Statements………170
Review Questions………172
Problems………173
4. MULTIVIBRATORS, SWITCHING TRANSISTORS, AND
TIMERS………174–226
4.1 Introduction………174
4.2 The Astable Multivibrator………174
4.3 Monostable Multivibrator………179
4.4 Bistable Multivibrator………184
4.4.1 Types of Triggering Signals………187
4.4.2 Comparison of Multivibrators………187
4.5 Timers………190
4.5.1 Clock Waveforms ………190
4.5.2 Basic Principle of Timer Circuits………191
4.6 The LM555 IC Timer ………191
4.6.1 Working Principle of the 555 IC Timer as in Monostable
Mode………195
4.6.2 Working Principle of the 555 IC Timer as in Astable
Mode………197
4.6.3 10 kHz IC Timer………202
4.6.4 Disadvantages of the 555 IC Timers………203
4.6.5 Parameter Values of the 555 IC Timer………203
4.7 555 IC as Voltage-Controlled Oscillator ………204
4.8 555 IC as Ramp Generator………204
4.9 555 IC as Schmitt Trigger………205
4.10 556 IC Timer………206
4.11 741 Op-amp as an Astable Multivibrator………207
4.12 741 Op-amp as a Monostable Multivibrator………208
4.13 741 Op-amp as a Bistable Multivibrator………209
4.14 Sequential Timer………209
4.15 Digital or Programmable Timer………210
4.16 Switching Circuits………212
4.16.1 Transistor as a Switch………212
4.16.2 Comparison of a Transistor and an SCR as a Switch ………216
4.17 Electronic Time Delay Circuits………216
4.17.1 AC Operated Delay Timer………217
4.17.2 DC Operated Delay Timer Using 741 IC………217
4.18 UJT as a Relaxation Oscillator………218
Multiple Choice Questions………219
True or False Statements………223
Review Questions………224
Problems………226
5. Thyristors………227–344
5.1 Introduction………227
5.2 Silicon Controlled Rectifier ………228
5.2.1 Constructional Features………228