Table Of ContentIndustrial Air Pollution Monitoring
Environmental Management Series
Edited by Professor J. Cairns, Jr, University Center for Environmental and
Hazardous Materials Studies, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, USA
and
Professor R.M. Harrison, Institute of Public and Environmental Health,
University of Birmingham, UK.
The current expansion of both public and scientific interest in environmental
issues has not been accompanied by a commensurate production of adequate
books, and those which are available are widely variable in approach and depth.
The Environmental Management Series (formerly the Pollution Monitoring Series) has
been established to meet the need for a set of in-depth volumes dealing with
environmental issues, particularly with regard to a sustainable future. The series
is published by Chapman & Hall (previously published by Elsevier Applied
Science). Over a period of years, it has been building up to form a library of refer
ence books covering most of the major topics within this diverse field.
The level of presentation is advanced, aimed primarily at a research/consultancy
readership. Coverage includes all aspects of environmental science and engineer
ing relevant to evaluation and management of the natural and human-modified
environment, as well as topics dealing with the political, economic, legal and
social considerations pertaining to environmental management.
Already published
1. Instrumental Analysis Of Pollutants (1991) C.N. Hewitt (ed.) ISBN:
1-85166-548-X.
2. Pollution Of The Arctic Atmosphere (1991) w.T. Sturges (ed.) ISBN:
1-85166-619-2.
3. Organic Contaminants In The Environment (1991) K.c. Jones (ed.) ISBN:
1-85166-621-4.
4. Methods Of Environmental Data Analysis (1992, reprinted 1995) CN. Hewitt
(ed.) ISBN: 0-412-73990-9.
5. Atmospheric Acidity (1992) M. Radojevic and R.M. Harrison (eds) ISBN:
1-85166-777-6.
6. Global Atmospheric Chemical Change (1993, reprinted 1995) C.N. Hewitt and w.T.
Sturges (eds) ISBN: 0-412-53870-9.
7. Biomonitoring Of Trace Aquatic Contaminants (1992, reprinted 1994) D.J.H.
Phillips and P.S. Rainbow (eds) ISBN: 0-412-53850-4.
8. Industrial Air Pollution Monitoring (1997) A.G. Clarke (ed.) ISBN 0-412-63880-0.
Topics currently in preparation include the following
• Major Chemical Accidents and their Impact on Terrestrial Ecosystems. A. Meharg.
ISBN: 0-412-63410-4.
• Artificial Reefs. A. Jensen, K. Collins and A. Lockwood (eds). ISBN:
0-412-60370-5.
• Biology of Pollution in Major River Systems. T. Langford. ISBN: 0-412-80780-7
(Hb), 0-412-48170-7 (Pb).
• Air Pollution Handbook, 3rd edition. R.M. Harrison and C.N. Hewitt (eds).
ISBN: 0-412-81640-7.
Industrial Air
Pollution Monitoring
Edited by
Andrew G. Clarke
Department of Fuel and Energy,
University of Leeds,
UK
CHAPMAN &. HALL
London' New York' Tokyo· Melbourne' Madras
Published by Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEI 8HN, UK
Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HN, UK
Chapman & Hall GmbH, Pappelallee 3, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
Chapman & Hall USA, 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003, USA
Chapman & Hall Japan, ITP-Japan, Kyowa Building, 3E 2-2-1 Hirakawacho,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan
Chapman & Hall Australia, 102 Dodds Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205,
Australia
Chapman & Hall India, R. Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road, CIT East, Madras 600
035, India
First edition 1998
© 1998 Chapman & Hall
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1998
Typeset in 10/12pt Palatino by Saxon Graphics Ltd
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7143-7 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-1435-3
DOT: 10.1007/978-94-009-1435-3
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criti
cism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act,
1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form
or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in
the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the
licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance
with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights
Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the
terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed
on this page.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the
accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal
responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97-76819
§
Printed on permanent acid-free text paper, manufactured in
accordance with ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 and ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1984
Contents
Contributors ix
Series editors' foreword xi
Preface xiii
1 Legislation on emissions of air pollutants and their
monitoring 1
Andrew G. Clarke
1.1 Why monitor emissions? 1
1.2 Emissions limits 3
1.3 Monitoring requirements 15
2 Gas composition calculations 20
Bernard M. Gibbs
2.1 Units 20
2.2 Wet and dry gas 22
2.3 Combustion fundamentals 22
2.4 The 'mole' method of calculation for gases 25
2.5 Combustion and emissions calculations for solid
and liquid fuels or wastes 27
2.6 Calculations based on flue gas analysis 29
3 Particulate emissions by extractive sampling 33
Andrew G. Clarke and George Bartle
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Basic principles 34
3.3 Equipment 43
3.4 Practical aspects of sampling 51
vi Contents
4 Particulate emissions - optical and other methods for
continuous monitoring from a point source 61
Richard Horne
4.1 The definition of particulate emissions 61
4.2 Design of optical devices for continuous measurement 63
4.3 Other techniques for continuous measurement 69
4.4 Interaction of light with particles 72
4.5 Practical limitations 77
4.6 Summary 78
5 Gas sampling and conditioning 81
Andrew G. Clarke
5.1 General considerations 81
5.2 Representative sampling 82
5.3 Sampling probes and transfer lines 83
5.4 Sample conditioning 87
5.5 Other features 95
6 Batch sampling and wet chemical methods of analysis 100
Andrew G. Clarke
6.1 Introduction 100
6.2 Moisture 101
6.3 Simple combustion gases 101
6.4 Other gas chromatography applications 104
6.5 Aqueous absorption and wet chemical analysis 105
6.6 Sulphur compounds 109
6.7 Nitrogen compounds 112
6.8 Halogen compounds 114
6.9 Metals 117
7 Optical methods of analysis. 1 Infra-red 120
Colin Blackmore
7.1 Int rodu ction 120
7.2 Infra-red spectra of typical polluting gases 120
7.3 Types of analyser 124
7.4 Comparison between extractive and cross-duct systems 135
7.5 Conclusions 136
8 Optical methods of gas analysis. 2 Visible and ultra-violet 138
John Turnbull
8.1 Introduction 138
8.2 Ultra-violet-'visible absorption principles 139
8.3 Practical NDUV analyser 142
8.4 Dispersive UV 147
8.5 Chemiluminescent analysers 150
Contents vii
9 Volatile organics 157
Stephen Richardson and Nigel Gibson
9.1 Background 157
9.2 Sampling of organic compounds 159
9.3 Separating organic compounds 164
9.4 Analysis of organic compounds 166
10 Sampling and analysis of PAR, dioxins and furans 171
Paul T Williams
10.1 Introduction 171
10.2 Chemistry and toxicology 172
10.3 Emissions from combustion sources 175
10.4 Sampling 176
10.5 Analysis 180
10.6 Summary 189
11 Electrochemical and other non-optical techniques 192
Andrew G. Clarke and Ian Watson
11.1 Introduction 192
11.2 Methods for oxygen 192
11.3 Other low-temperature electrochemical cells 197
11.4 High-temperature electrochemical cells 202
11.5 Semiconductor sensors 205
11.6 Combustible gas detectors 207
11.7 Mass spectrometry 207
11.8 Ion mobility spectrometry 209
12 Calibration of continuous gaseous emission measuring systems 212
David S. Walker
12.1 Introduction 212
12.2 Sampling and accuracy of CEMS 213
12.3 Types of CEMS and available calibration methods 214
12.4 Calibration with standard reference gas mixtures 215
12.5 Calibration using standard reference test methods 222
12.6 Calibration using verified CEMS 224
13 Calibration gases 229
John Scawin
13.1 Introduction 229
13.2 Calibration gas selection 229
13.3 Calibration gas mixture preparation 229
13.4 Static volumetric methods 231
13.5 Dynamic volumetric methods 232
13.6 Traceability 235
viii Contents
13.7 Traceability of calibration gas mixtures 237
13.8 Stability 239
13.9 'Spectra Seal' 240
14 Data logging 242
Richard Grant
14.1 Emission monitoring requirements 242
14.2 Methods of emission monitoring 244
14.3 Summary 254
15 Quality assurance and quality control in emissions monitoring 257
Simon Medhurst and David Miles
15.1 Introduction 257
15.2 Quality management for emissions monitoring 258
15.3 Organization and management 259
15.4 Quality systems 260
15.5 Staff 260
15.6 Equipment 260
15.7 Measurement traceability and calibration 260
15.8 Sample storage and transport 262
15.9 Quality audits and reviews 263
15.10 Common sources of error 265
16 Statistics in relation to emissions monitoring 269
Andrew G. Clarke
16.1 Introduction 269
16.2 The data 270
16.3 Fundamentals 270
16.4 Confidence limits 274
16.5 Hypothesis testing 276
16.6 Comparison of means 277
16.7 Statistics relating to the percentile points of a distribution 280
Appendices
A British Standards 285
B German VOl Standards (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) 287
C US EPA Standard Methods 290
D Main provisions for testing to British Standard 3405: 1983. 294
Index 297
Contributors
Dr Andrew G. Clarke (Editor)
Senior Lecturer, Department of Fuel and Energy, University of Leeds,
Leeds LS2 9JT
Mr George Bartle
(Recently retired from H.M. Inspectorate of Pollution, Leeds),
17 Hesketh Lane, Tingley, Wakefield, West Yorkshire WF3 1AU
Mr Colin Blackmore
(This work was completed when the author was Area Sales Manager,
Analytical Developments Co. Ltd.), Southern UK Sales Manager,
Monitor Labs Ltd., 2 Airfield Way, Christchurch, Dorset
Dr Bernard M. Gibbs
Senior Lecturer, Department of Fuel and Energy, University of Leeds,
Leeds LS2 9JT
Dr Nigel Gibson
Senior Consultant, Room 3.12, E1 Building, AEA Technology, Culham,
Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB
Dr Richard Grant
Application Engineer, Combustion Developments Ltd (CODEL),
Station Building, Station Road, Bakewell, Derbyshire DE4 1GE
Mr Richard Horne
Sales Manager, Combustion Developments Ltd (CODEL),
Station Building, Station Road, Bakewell, Derbyshire DE41GE
Mr Simon Medhurst
Environmental Quality Manager, CRE Group Ltd., Stoke Orchard,
Cheltenham, Gloucestershire GL52 4RZ and Quality Officer,
Source Testing Association
Mr David P Miles
Director, Environmental Evaluation Ltd., Lawton Square, Delph, Oldham
OL35DT
x Contributors
Dr Stephen Richardson
Senior Consultant, AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology
Centre, Culham, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB
Mr John Scawin
(Recently retired from British Oxygen (Special Gases) Ltd),
51 Merland Rise, Tattenham Corner, Epsom KT18 5RN
Mr John Turnbull
Sales and Applications Manger for Stationary Emisions Monitoring,
Signal Instruments Company Ltd., Standards House, Doman Road,
Camberley, Surrey GU15 3DW
Mr David S Walker
(Recently retired from Regional Manager, Glasgow Office,
AEA Technology), 98 Aitken Road, Hamilton, Lanarkshire ML3 7YL
Mr Ian Watson
Regional Sales Manager, Northern Britain and Europe,
Land Combustion Ltd., Dronfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S18 6DJ
Dr Paul T Williams
Senior Lecturer, Department of Fuel and Energy, University of Leeds,
Leeds LS2 9JT
