Induction Machines Handbook-Transients, Control Principles, Design and Testing

457 Pages·2020·15.332 MB·\457

by  Ion Boldea (Author)

Induction Machines Handbook
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Induction Machines Handbook, Third Edition (Two-Volume Set)
Ion Boldea
Induction Machines Handbook, Third Edition
Steady State Modeling and Performance
Ion Boldea
Induction Machines Handbook, Third Edition
Transients, Control Principles, Design and Testing
Ion Boldea
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Induction Machines Handbook
Transients, Control Principles,
Design and  Testing
Third Edition
Ion Boldea
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Boldea, I., author.
Title: Induction machines handbook: steady state modeling and performance / Ion Boldea.
Description: Third edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2020. |
Series: Electric power engineering | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Contents: v. 1. Induction machines handbook: steady stat — v.
2. Induction machines handbook: transients
Identifiers: LCCN 2020000304 (print) | LCCN 2020000305 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780367466121 (v. 1 ; hbk) | ISBN 9780367466183 (v. 2 ; hbk) |
ISBN 9781003033417 (v. 1 ; ebk) | ISBN 9781003033424 (v. 2 ; ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Electric machinery, Induction—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Classification: LCC TK2711 .B65 2020 (print) | LCC TK2711 (ebook) |
DDC 621.34—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020000304
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020000305
ISBN: 978-0-367-46618-3 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-03342-4 (ebk)
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Contents
Preface..............................................................................................................................................xv
Author .............................................................................................................................................xxi
Chapter 1 Induction Machine Transients ......................................................................................1
1.1 I ntroduction .......................................................................................................1
1.2 The Phase-Coordinate Model ............................................................................1
1.3 The Complex Variable Model ...........................................................................4
1.4 Steady State by the Complex Variable Model ...................................................7
1.5 Equivalent Circuits for Drives ...........................................................................9
1.6 Electrical Transients with Flux Linkages as Variables ...................................12
1.7 Including Magnetic Saturation in the Space-Phasor Model ............................14
1.8 Saturation and Core Loss Inclusion into the State-Space Model ....................16
1.9 R educed-Order Models ...................................................................................21
1.9.1 Neglecting Stator Transients ..............................................................22
1.9.2 Considering Leakage Saturation ........................................................23
1.9.3 Large Machines: Torsional Torque .....................................................25
1.10 The Sudden Short Circuit at Terminals ...........................................................28
1.11 Most Severe Transients (So Far) ......................................................................31
1.12 The abc–d-q Model for PWM Inverter-Fed IMs .............................................34
1.12.1 Fault Conditions .................................................................................36
1.13 First-Order Models of IMs for Steady-State Stability in Power Systems .......39
1.14 M ultimachine Transients .................................................................................43
1.15 Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) ..................................................................44
1.16 The M/N Actual Winding Modelling for Transients......................................47
r
1.17 Multiphase Induction Machines Models for Transients ..................................54
1.17.1 The Six-Phase Machine ......................................................................54
1.17.2 The Five-Phase Machine ....................................................................56
1.18 Doubly Fed Induction Machine Models for Transients ...................................57
1.19 Cage-Rotor Synchronized Reluctance Motors ................................................61
1.20 Cage Rotor PM Synchronous Motors ..............................................................64
1.21 S ummary .........................................................................................................65
References ..................................................................................................................68
Chapter 2 Single-Phase IM Transients ........................................................................................71
2.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................71
2.2 The d-q Model Performance in Stator Coordinates ........................................71
2.3 Starting Transients ...........................................................................................75
2.4 The Multiple-Reference Model for Transients ................................................76
2.5 Including the Space Harmonics .......................................................................76
2.6 S ummary .........................................................................................................77
References ..................................................................................................................78
Chapter 3 Super-High-Frequency Models and Behaviour of IMs ..............................................79
3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................79
3.2 Three High-Frequency Operation Impedances ...............................................80
vii
viii Contents
3.3 The Differential Impedance ............................................................................82
3.4 Neutral and Common Mode Impedance Models ............................................84
3.5 The Super-High-Frequency Distributed Equivalent Circuit ............................87
3.6 Bearing Currents Caused by PWM Inverters..................................................91
3.7 Ways to Reduce PWM Inverter Bearing Currents ..........................................94
3.8 Summary .........................................................................................................95
References ..................................................................................................................96
Chapter 4 Motor Specifications and Design Principles ..............................................................99
4.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................99
4.2 Typical Load Shaft Torque/Speed Envelopes ..................................................99
4.3 Derating due to Voltage Time Harmonics .....................................................102
4.4 Voltage and Frequency Variation ..................................................................103
4.5 Specifying Induction Motors for Constant V and f .......................................103
4.6 Matching IMs to Variable Speed/Torque Loads ...........................................105
4.7 Design Factors ...............................................................................................108
4.7.1 C osts .................................................................................................108
4.7.2 M aterial Limitations .........................................................................110
4.7.3 S tandard Specifications ....................................................................110
4.7.4 S pecial Factors .................................................................................110
4.8 D esign Features .............................................................................................110
4.9 The Output Coefficient Design Concept .......................................................111
4.10 The Rotor Tangential Stress Design Concept ................................................117
4.11 S ummary .......................................................................................................120
References ................................................................................................................122
Chapter 5 IM Design below 100 KW and Constant V and f (Size Your Own IM) ..................123
5.1 I ntroduction ...................................................................................................123
5.2 Design Specifications by Example ................................................................123
5.3 T he Algorithm ...............................................................................................124
5.4 Main Dimensions of Stator Core ...................................................................125
5.5 The Stator Winding .......................................................................................127
5.6 Stator Slot Sizing ...........................................................................................129
5.7 R otor Slots .....................................................................................................133
5.8 The Magnetization Current ...........................................................................137
5.9 Resistances and Inductances .........................................................................138
5.9.1 Skewing Effect on Reactances .........................................................143
5.10 Losses and Efficiency ....................................................................................144
5.11 O peration Characteristics ..............................................................................146
5.12 T emperature Rise ...........................................................................................147
5.13 S ummary .......................................................................................................149
References ................................................................................................................150
Chapter 6 Induction Motor Design above 100 KW and Constant V and f
(Size Your Own IM) .................................................................................................151
6.1 I ntroduction ...................................................................................................151
6.2 Medium-Voltage Stator Design .....................................................................153
6.2.1 Main Stator Dimensions ...................................................................153
Contents ix
6.2.2 Stator Main Dimensions ...................................................................155
6.2.3 C ore Construction ............................................................................155
6.2.4 The Stator Winding ..........................................................................157
6.3 Low-Voltage Stator Design ............................................................................159
6.4 Deep Bar Cage Rotor Design ........................................................................160
6.4.1 Stator Leakage Reactance X ..........................................................160
sl
6.4.2 The Rotor Leakage Inductance L ...................................................163
rl
6.5 Double-Cage Rotor Design ...........................................................................166
6.5.1 Working Cage Sizing .......................................................................168
6.6 Wound Rotor Design .....................................................................................172
6.6.1 The Rotor Back Iron Height .............................................................174
6.7 IM with Wound Rotor-Performance Computation ........................................175
6.7.1 M agnetization mmfs ........................................................................175
6.7.2 The Airgap F ...................................................................................175
g
6.7.3 The Stator Teeth mmf ......................................................................176
6.7.4 Rotor Tooth mmf (F ) Computation.................................................177
tr
6.7.5 Rotor Back Iron mmf F (as for the Stator) .....................................178
cr
6.7.6 The Rotor Winding Parameters .......................................................179
6.7.7 The Rotor Slot Leakage Geometrical Permeance Coefficient λsr ....179
6.7.8 Losses and Efficiency .......................................................................181
6.7.9 The Machine Rated Efficiency ηn ....................................................184
6.7.10 The Rated Slip S (with Short-Circuited Slip Rings) .......................184
n
6.7.11 The Breakdown Torque ....................................................................184
6.8 S ummary .......................................................................................................185
References ................................................................................................................186
Chapter 7 Induction Machine Design for Variable Speed ........................................................187
7.1 I ntroduction ...................................................................................................187
7.2 Power and Voltage Derating ..........................................................................189
7.3 Reducing the Skin Effect in Windings ..........................................................190
7.3.1 Rotor Bar Skin Effect Reduction .....................................................190
7.4 Torque Pulsations Reduction .........................................................................192
7.5 Increasing Efficiency .....................................................................................193
7.6 Increasing the Breakdown Torque .................................................................194
7.7 Wide Constant Power Speed Range via Voltage Management .....................197
7.8 Design for High- and Super-High-Speed Applications .................................202
7.8.1 E lectromagnetic Limitations ............................................................202
7.8.2 Rotor Cooling Limitations ...............................................................202
7.8.3 Rotor Mechanical Strength ..............................................................203
7.8.4 The Solid Iron Rotor ........................................................................203
7.8.5 21 kW, 47,000 rpm, 94% Efficiency with Laminated Rotor .............206
7.9 Sample Design Approach for Wide Constant Power Speed Range ...............207
7.9.1 Solution Characterization .................................................................207
7.10 Summary .......................................................................................................208
References ................................................................................................................210
Chapter 8 Optimization Design Issues .....................................................................................211
8.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................211
8.2 Essential Optimization Design Methods .......................................................213