Indoor Positioning: Technologies and Performance

362 Pages·2019·7.829 MB·English

by  Nel Samama

IndoorPositioning
IEEEPress
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IEEEPressEditorialBoard
EkramHossain,EditorinChief
GiancarloFortino AndreasMolisch LindaShafer
DavidAlanGrier SaeidNahavandi MohammadShahidehpour
DonaldHeirman RayPerez SarahSpurgeon
XiaoouLi JeffreyReed AhmetMuratTekalp
Indoor Positioning
Technologiesandperformance
NelSamama
ElectronicsandPhysicsDepartment
InstitutMines-Telecom,France
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Names:Samama,Nel,1963-author.
Title:Indoorpositioning:technologiesandperformance/NelSamama,
ElectronicsandPhysicsDepartment,InstitutMines-Telecom,France.
Description:Hoboken,NewJersey:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,[2019]|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.|
Identifiers:LCCN2019010513(print)|LCCN2019017747(ebook)|ISBN
9781119421856(AdobePDF)|ISBN9781119421863(ePub)|ISBN9781119421849
(hardback)
Subjects:LCSH:Indoorpositioningsystems(Wirelesslocalization)
Classification:LCCTK5103.48323(ebook)|LCCTK5103.48323.S272019(print)
|DDC006.2—dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019010513
CoverdesignbyWiley
Coverimage:PhotobyTobiasFischeronUnsplash.
Setin10/12ptWarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction xv
1 ALittlePieceofHistory… 1
1.1 TheFirstAgeofNavigation 1
1.2 LongitudeProblemandImportanceofTime 2
1.3 LinkBetweenTimeandSpace 4
1.3.1 ABriefHistoryoftheEvolutionofthePerceptionofTime 4
1.3.2 ComparisonwiththePossibleChangeinOurPerceptionofSpace 6
1.4 TheRadioAge 8
1.5 FirstTerrestrialPositioningSystems 9
1.6 TheEraofArtificialSatellites 11
1.6.1 GPSSystem 13
1.7 NewProblem:AvailabilityandAccuracyofPositioningSystems 14
Bibliography 15
2 WhatExactlyIstheIndoorPositioningProblem? 17
2.1 GeneralIntroductiontoIndoorPositioning 18
2.1.1 BasicProblem:ExampleoftheNavigationApplication 19
2.1.2 The“Perceived”Needs 20
2.1.3 WideRangeofPossibleTechnologies 22
2.1.4 Commentsonthe“Best”Solution 25
2.1.4.1 LocalorGlobalCoverage 26
2.1.4.2 WithorWithoutLocalInfrastructure 27
2.2 IsIndoorPositioningtheNext“LongitudeProblem”? 27
2.3 QuickSummaryoftheIndoorProblem 30
Bibliography 31
vi Contents
3 GeneralIntroductiontoPositioningTechniquesandTheir
AssociatedDifficulties 33
3.1 Angle-BasedPositioningTechnique 33
3.1.1 PureAngle-BasedPositioningTechnique 33
3.1.2 Triangulation-BasedPositioningTechnique 34
3.2 Distance-BasedPositioningTechnique 35
3.2.1 DistancestoKnownEnvironment-BasedPositioningTechnique 35
3.2.2 RadarMethod 36
3.2.3 HyperbolicMethod 38
3.2.4 MobileTelecommunicationNetworks 38
3.3 Doppler-BasedPositioningApproach 40
3.3.1 DopplerRadarMethod 40
3.3.2 DopplerPositioningApproach 41
3.4 PhysicalQuantity-BasedPositioningApproaches 42
3.4.1 LuminosityMeasurements 42
3.4.2 LocalNetworks 42
3.4.3 AttitudeandHeadingReferenceSystem 45
3.4.3.1 Accelerometers 46
3.4.3.2 Gyrometers 47
3.4.3.3 Odometers 47
3.4.3.4 Magnetometers 48
3.5 Image-BasedPositioningApproach 49
3.6 ILS,MLS,VOR,andDME 49
3.7 Summary 51
Bibliography 52
4 VariousPossibleClassificationsofIndoorTechnologies 55
4.1 Introduction 55
4.2 ParameterstoBeConsidered 56
4.3 DiscussionAboutTheseParameters 57
4.3.1 ParametersRelatedtotheHardwareoftheSystem 57
4.3.2 ParametersRelatedtotheTypeandPerformancesoftheSystem 58
4.3.3 ParametersRelatedtotheRealImplementationoftheSystem 59
4.3.4 ParametersRelatedtothePhysicalAspectsoftheSystem 60
4.4 TechnologiesConsidered 63
4.5 CompleteTables 71
4.6 PlayingwiththeCompleteTable 79
4.7 SelectedApproachfortheRestoftheBook 88
Bibliography 99
Contents vii
5 ProximityTechnologies:Approaches,Performance,and
Limitations 103
5.1 BarCodes 103
5.2 ContactlessCardsandCreditCards 107
5.3 ImageRecognition 109
5.4 Near-FieldCommunication–NFC 112
5.5 QRCodes 114
5.6 DiscussionofOtherTechnologies 117
Bibliography 118
6 Room-RestrictedTechnologies:Challengesand
Reliability 121
6.1 ImageMarkers 121
6.2 InfraredSensors 129
6.3 Laser 130
6.4 Lidar 133
6.5 Sonar 136
6.6 UltrasoundSensors 138
Bibliography 140
7 “SetofRooms”Technologies 145
7.1 Radar 145
7.2 RFID 149
7.3 UWB 152
Bibliography 156
8 BuildingRangeTechnologies 159
8.1 Accelerometer 159
8.2 BluetoothandBluetoothLowEnergy 163
8.3 Gyrometer 167
8.4 Image-RelativeDisplacement 169
8.5 ImageSLAM 171
8.6 LiFi 171
8.7 LightOpportunity 174
8.8 Sound 176
8.9 Theodolite 177
8.10 WiFi 180
8.11 SymbolicWiFi 182
Bibliography 187
viii Contents
9 BuildingRangeTechnologies:TheSpecificCaseofIndoor
GNSS 191
9.1 Introduction 191
9.2 ConceptofLocalTransmitters 193
9.3 Pseudolites 194
9.4 Repeaters 198
9.4.1 ClockBiasApproach 199
9.4.2 PseudoRangesApproach 202
9.4.2.1 TheoreticalAspects 202
9.5 Repealites 206
9.5.1 ProposedSystemArchitecture 206
9.5.2 Advantages 208
9.5.3 Limitations 209
9.6 Grin-Locs 209
9.6.1 DoubleAntenna 210
9.6.1.1 AngleApproach 210
9.6.1.2 QuadricsApproach 211
9.6.2 ResolutioninCaseofSeveralDoubleAntennas 213
9.6.2.1 PositioningwiththeAngleApproach 213
9.6.2.2 PositioningwiththeQuadricApproach 214
Bibliography 216
10 WideAreaIndoorPositioning:Block,City,andCounty
Approaches 223
10.1 Introduction 223
10.2 AmateurRadio 225
10.3 ISMRadioBands(433/868/…MHz) 226
10.4 MobileNetworks 227
10.4.1 FirstNetworks(GSM) 227
10.4.2 ModernNetworks(3G,4G,and5G) 232
10.5 LoRaandSigFox 234
10.6 AM/FMRadio 236
10.7 TV 237
Bibliography 239
11 WorldwideIndoorPositioningTechnologies:Achievable
Performance 241
11.1 ArgosandCOSPAS-SARSATSystems 241
11.1.1 ArgosSystem 241
11.1.2 COSPAS-SARSATSystem 244
11.2 GNSS 246
11.3 High-AccuracyGNSS 248
11.3.1 HS-GNSS 249
Contents ix
11.3.2 A-GNSS 251
11.4 Magnetometer 253
11.5 PressureSensor 256
11.6 RadioSignalsofOpportunity 258
11.7 WiredNetworks 259
Bibliography 261
12 CombiningTechniquesandTechnologies 267
12.1 Introduction 267
12.2 FusionandHybridization 269
12.2.1 StrategiesforCombiningTechnologies 269
12.2.2 StrategiesforChoosingtheOptimalData 270
12.2.2.1 LeastSquaresMethod 273
12.2.3 ClassificationandEstimators 274
12.2.4 Filtering 275
12.3 CollaborativeApproaches 276
12.3.1 ApproachUsingDopplerMeasurementstoEstimateVelocities 276
12.3.2 ApproachUsingDopplerMeasurementsinCaseSomeNodesAre
Fixed 280
12.3.3 ApproachUsingDopplerMeasurementstoEstimateAngles 282
12.3.4 ApproachUsingDistanceMeasurements 285
12.3.5 ApproachAnalyzingtheDeformationoftheNetwork 287
12.3.6 Comments 288
12.4 GeneralDiscussion 290
Bibliography 291
13 Maps 295
13.1 Map:NotJustanImage 296
13.2 IndoorPosesSpecificProblems 297
13.3 MapRepresentations 298
13.4 RecordingTools 301
13.5 SomeExamplesoftheUseofIndoorMapping 304
13.5.1 SomeGuidingApplications 305
13.5.2 SomeServicesAssociatedwithMapping 306
13.6 Synthesis 308
Bibliography 308
14 SynthesisandPossibleForthcoming“Evolution” 311
14.1 IndoorPositioning:SignalsofOpportunityorLocal
Infrastructure? 312
14.1.1 AFewConstrainedSelections 312
14.1.2 ComparisonofThreeApproachesandDiscussion 315
14.1.2.1 InvertedGNSSRadar 315