Table Of ContentIndoor Infrared Optical
Wireless Communications
Indoor Infrared Optical
Wireless Communications
Systems and Integration
Ke Wang
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-367-25424-7 (Hardback)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize
to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material
has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or
utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, includ-
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CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
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Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................................ix
Author ......................................................................................................................xi
1. Introduction: Optical Wireless Communications ....................................1
1.1 Optical Wireless Communication Technologies ................................2
1.2 Optical Wireless Communications – Brief History ...........................4
1.3 Long-Range Outdoor OWC Systems ...................................................6
1.4 Short-Range OWC Systems .................................................................10
1.4.1 Personal and Local Area Networks .......................................10
1.4.2 Wireless Body Area Networks and Indoor Localizations ......14
1.4.3 Optical Interconnects ...............................................................16
1.5 Book Structure ......................................................................................19
CRC Press
References .......................................................................................................21
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 2. Near-Infrared Indoor Optical Wireless Communications:
© 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC System Architecture, Principle and Modeling .......................................27
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business 2.1 Near-Infrared Indoor OWC System Architecture ...........................27
No claim to original U.S. Government works 2.1.1 Direct LOS Link-Based Indoor OWC Systems .....................29
2.1.2 Diffusive Link-Based Indoor OWC Systems .........................30
Printed on acid-free paper
2.2 Near-Infrared Indoor OWC System Modeling .................................33
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-367-25424-7 (Hardback) 2.2.1 OWC Transmitter ......................................................................34
2.2.2 OWC Receiver ...........................................................................40
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume 2.2.3 OWC Free-Space Channel .......................................................44
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers 2.3 High-Speed Near-Infrared Indoor OWC System Example ............47
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize
2.3.1 High-Speed Near-Infrared Indoor OWC System
to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material
has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Structure ....................................................................................47
2.3.2 High-Speed Near-Infrared Indoor OWC System
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or
Operation Principle ..................................................................48
utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, includ-
ing photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without 2.3.3 High-Speed Near-Infrared Indoor OWC System Model ......50
written permission from the publishers. 2.3.4 High-Speed Near-Infrared Indoor OWC System
Simulation and Analysis .........................................................54
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.
com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood 2.3.5 High-Speed Near-Infrared Indoor OWC System
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and Demonstration ..........................................................................56
registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the
2.4 Background Light in Indoor OWC Systems .....................................59
CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
2.5 Conclusions ...........................................................................................61
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are References .......................................................................................................62
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
v
vi Contents
3. Spatial Diversity Techniques in Near-Infrared Indoor Optical
Wireless Communication (OWC) Systems ..............................................65
3.1 Spatial Diversity Techniques in Indoor OWC Systems ...................66
3.2 High-Speed Indoor OWC System with Transmitter Diversity .......68
3.2.1 Repetition Coded Indoor OWC System .................................68
3.2.2 Space-Time Coded Indoor OWC System ...............................70
3.3 Comparison of STBC- and RC-Based High-Speed Indoor
OWC System ..........................................................................................72
3.4 Delay-Tolerant High-Speed Indoor OWC System with
Transmitter Diversity ...........................................................................77
3.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................81
References .......................................................................................................82
4. Wavelength Multiplexing and Multi-User Access in Near-
Infrared Indoor Optical Wireless Communication Systems ...............83
4.1 Indoor OWC Systems with WDM ......................................................84
4.2 FDMA-, CDMA- and TDMA-Based Multi-User Access in
Indoor OWC Systems ...........................................................................86
4.3 TSC-Based Multi-User Access in Indoor OWC Systems ..................93
4.3.1 Time-Slot-Coding-Based Multi-User Access in Indoor
OWC Systems.............................................................................93
4.3.2 Adaptive Loading-Based Time-Slot Coding for
Multi-User Access .....................................................................96
4.3.3 TSC Code Misalignment Tolerance ........................................98
4.4 Conclusions ..........................................................................................104
References .....................................................................................................105
5. Photonic Integrations of Near-Infrared Indoor Optical Wireless
Communications .........................................................................................107
5.1 Introduction of Photonic Integrations ..............................................108
5.2 Silicon Photonic Integrated Passive Devices ...................................110
5.2.1 Silicon Waveguides .................................................................111
5.2.2 Silicon Integrated Polarization Splitter and Rotator ..........113
5.2.3 Silicon Integrated Optical Filters ..........................................116
5.2.4 Silicon Integrated Optical Power Splitters ..........................117
5.3 Silicon Photonic Integrated Active Devices ....................................119
5.3.1 Silicon Integrated Optical Modulators .................................119
5.3.2 Silicon Integrated Photodetectors .........................................123
5.4 Silicon Photonic Integrations for Indoor OWC Systems ...............125
5.4.1 Beam Steering Devices in Indoor OWC Systems ...............125
5.4.2 Optical Phased Arrays for Beam Steering ...........................127
5.4.3 Silicon Integrated Optical Phased Arrays ...........................130
Contents vii
5.5 Demonstration of Indoor OWC System with Silicon Photonic
Integrated Circuit ................................................................................134
5.6 Conclusions ..........................................................................................141
References .....................................................................................................142
6. Indoor Optical Wireless Localization Technology ..............................147
6.1 Indoor Localization Systems .............................................................147
6.2 Indoor Localization Based on the Optical Wireless
Technology – “Search and Scan” ......................................................150
6.3 Indoor Optical Wireless Localization Principles with High
Accuracy ...............................................................................................152
6.4 Three-Dimensional Indoor Optical Wireless Localization ...........158
6.5 Conclusions ..........................................................................................162
References .....................................................................................................163
7. Conclusions and Future Directions ........................................................165
7.1 Conclusions ..........................................................................................165
7.2 Optical Interconnect Application of Near-Infrared Optical
Wireless Technology ...........................................................................167
7.3 Future Research Needs and Directions ...........................................173
References .....................................................................................................178
Index .....................................................................................................................179
Preface
We have witnessed the rapid development of wireless communications in
the past couple of decades, and currently 4G (and upcoming 5G) and WiFi
technologies are surrounding us to provide high-speed wireless connec-
tions. The availability of high-speed wireless networks is changing our
daily lives. For example, commuters can now watch streaming videos, check
emails, or play online games on buses or trains, and students can access
digital library collections and professional software everywhere on campus.
With the emerging speed-hungry applications, such as ultra-high-definition
video-on-demand, virtual reality, and augmented reality, even higher wire-
less communication speed is expected by end users. Compared with outdoor
scenarios, the wireless speed requirement in indoor environments is typi-
cally higher, especially in working and living spaces.
To satisfy the ever-growing wireless communication speed requirement
in indoor environments, the optical wireless technology has been explored,
where the data is carried by the lightwave and transmitted through the wire-
less link. One key driver for investigating optical wireless communications
is the availability of almost unlimited and unregulated bandwidth, which
theoretically enables ultra-high-speed wireless connections. Another key
advantage of the optical wireless technology is the immunity to traditional
electromagnetic interference (EMI), which becomes more attractive due to
the co-existence of a large number of wireless systems nowadays.
Indoor optical wireless communications can explore both the visible light
range and the near-infrared wavelength range. The visible light communi-
cation (VLC) technology becomes increasingly attractive due to the wide
deployment of LEDs in the lighting infrastructure, since the LEDs also serve
as the transmitters in VLC. On the other hand, the near-infrared optical wire-
less communication technology can provide higher modulation bandwidth
and wireless channel bandwidth, and hence, it is also highly attractive in the
future when higher speed is required. This book focuses on near-infrared
indoor optical wireless communication technologies and systems, to provide
an introduction of this exciting and rapidly developing field. Specifically, this
book starts from the basic theories and models, and then discusses various
advanced technologies and recent developments.
Although the near-infrared indoor optical wireless technology has seen
rapid development during the recent years, there are still a number of chal-
lenges to be further studied. For example, the multi-user access principle
needs further development and optimization, since traditional principles
ix
