Indoor Air Quality: The Latest Sampling and Analytical Methods, Second Edition

378 Pages·2011·6.22 MB·English

by  Kathleen Hess-Kosa

Second Edition
Indoor
Air Quality
The
Latest
Sampling
and
Analytical
Methods

CRC Press
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Version Date: 2011914
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Contents
Preface.....................................................................................................................xv
Acknowledgments.............................................................................................xvii
AbouttheAuthor................................................................................................xix
Section I The Starting Line
1. Historic Overview..........................................................................................3
EvolutionofIndoorAirQualityInvestigations..........................................3
Litigation...........................................................................................................5
DifferencesinHealthEffects.........................................................................6
AMisguidedPremise.....................................................................................7
Regulations,Requirements,andGuidelines...............................................7
U.S.GovernmentDirectives......................................................................8
EPANationalAmbientAirQualityStandards......................................8
OSHAWorkplaceStandards.....................................................................9
ACGIHWorkplaceGuidelines................................................................10
ASHRAECriteriaforGeneralPublic.....................................................10
ACGIHGuidelinesRevisitedinOlderASHRAEStandard...........11
InternationalEnforcementand/orGuidelines................................12
ASHRAECriteriaforResidences.......................................................12
ASHRAECriteriaforHighPerformanceBuildings.......................12
Summary.........................................................................................................13
References.......................................................................................................13
2. Investigation Plan.........................................................................................15
DocumentsReview........................................................................................17
BuildingaWalk-Through.............................................................................18
OccupiedAreas.........................................................................................18
AirHandlingSystem................................................................................19
BathroomAirExhaust..............................................................................20
SewerSystem.............................................................................................21
OccupantActivities..................................................................................21
InterviewswithFacilitiesPersonnel...........................................................21
MaintenanceStaff..........................................................................................21
CustodialStaff...........................................................................................22
ObservationofSurroundingAreas.............................................................23
AssessingOccupantComplaints.................................................................23
Questionnaires..........................................................................................24
v
vi Contents
TypesofQuestionnaires.......................................................................24
QuestionnaireResponseRate............................................................24
InformationalData...............................................................................25
Interviews...................................................................................................27
Summary.........................................................................................................27
References.......................................................................................................27
3. The Hypothesis.............................................................................................29
InformationReview.......................................................................................30
BuildingAssessment................................................................................30
ComplaintOccupant.................................................................................31
HypothesisDevelopment.............................................................................34
TheProactiveApproach...............................................................................36
BeyondtheScope...........................................................................................37
MedicalPhysicians...................................................................................37
IndustrialHygienistsandToxicologists................................................38
Psychiatrists...............................................................................................38
Summary.........................................................................................................39
References.......................................................................................................39
Section II Omnipresent Bioaerosols
4. Pollen and Spore Allergens........................................................................43
OccurrenceofPollenandSporeAllergens................................................43
GeneralInformation.................................................................................44
Spore-ProducingFungiandBacteria.....................................................49
Fungi...........................................................................................................49
Molds......................................................................................................49
Mushrooms...........................................................................................52
RustsandSmuts...................................................................................53
SlimeMolds...........................................................................................54
Bacteria.......................................................................................................55
IndoorSourceInformation......................................................................55
SamplingStrategy..........................................................................................56
SamplingandAnalyticalMethodologies....................................................57
Slit-to-Cover-SlipSampleCassettes.......................................................57
Slit-to-SlideSamplers.....................................................................................58
AnalyticalMethods..................................................................................59
CommercialLaboratories.........................................................................59
HelpfulHints.............................................................................................59
InterpretationofResults...............................................................................60
Summary.........................................................................................................66
References.......................................................................................................66
Contents vii
5. Viable Microbial Allergens........................................................................67
OccurrenceofAllergenicMicrobes..............................................................67
Fungi...........................................................................................................68
Molds..........................................................................................................68
Yeasts...........................................................................................................72
Bacteria.......................................................................................................72
Bacillus...................................................................................................73
ThermophilicActinomycetes.............................................................74
AirSamplingMethodologies.......................................................................74
SamplingStrategy.....................................................................................75
WhenandWheretoSample...............................................................75
Equipment.............................................................................................76
SampleDuration...................................................................................78
SampleNumbers..................................................................................78
CultureMedia.......................................................................................79
ProceduralSummary...........................................................................83
DiagnosticSamplingMethodologies..........................................................83
SamplingStrategy.....................................................................................84
WheretoSample.......................................................................................84
WhattoSample.........................................................................................85
SamplingSupplies....................................................................................85
ProceduralSummary...............................................................................86
InterpretationofResults...............................................................................86
GenusVariability......................................................................................87
AirborneExposureLevels.......................................................................89
BulkandSurfaceSampleResults...........................................................89
HelpfulHints..................................................................................................90
Summary.........................................................................................................90
References.......................................................................................................91
6. Pathogenic Microbes....................................................................................93
AirbornePathogenicFungi..........................................................................94
DiseaseandOccurrence...........................................................................94
Aspergillus..............................................................................................94
Histoplasma capsulatum.........................................................................96
Coccidioides immitis...............................................................................97
Cryptococcus neoformans.......................................................................99
OtherPathogenicFungi......................................................................99
SamplingandAnalyticalMethodologies............................................102
InterpretationofResults........................................................................103
AirbornePathogenicBacteria....................................................................103
PathogenicLegionella................................................................................104
SamplingandAnalyticalMethodologiesforLegionella...............105
InterpretationofResults....................................................................106
HelpfulHints......................................................................................107
viii Contents
OtherPathogenicBacteria.....................................................................108
DiseaseandOccurrenceofProminentAirbornePathogenic
Bacteria................................................................................................108
SamplingandAnalyticalMethodologies............................................111
InterpretationofResults....................................................................112
PathogenicProtozoa....................................................................................113
SamplingandAnalyticalMethodology..............................................113
InterpretationofResults........................................................................114
Viruses...........................................................................................................114
Summary.......................................................................................................115
References.....................................................................................................115
7. Toxigenic Microbes....................................................................................119
Mycotoxins....................................................................................................119
DiseaseandOccurrence.........................................................................121
SamplingandAnalyticalMethodologies............................................123
FungiIdentification............................................................................123
ToxinIdentification............................................................................124
InterpretationofResults........................................................................126
BacterialEndotoxins....................................................................................127
SamplingandAnalyticalMethodology..............................................128
InterpretationofResults........................................................................130
Summary.......................................................................................................131
References.....................................................................................................131
Section III Chemical Unknowns and Gases
8. Volatile Organic Compounds..................................................................135
HealthEffectsandOccurrences................................................................136
AirSamplingStrategy.................................................................................139
WhentoSample......................................................................................139
WheretoSample.....................................................................................140
HowtoSample........................................................................................141
RationaleforTotalVOCScreening(AsOpposedtoComponent
Identification)................................................................................................141
AirSamplingandAnalyticalMethodologies..........................................143
SolidSorbentsandAirSamplingPumps............................................145
NIOSHMethod1500..........................................................................145
EPAMethodTO-17.............................................................................147
PassiveOrganicVaporMonitors......................................................149
EvacuatedAmbientAirContainers................................................151
WholeAirCanisters..........................................................................152
AmbientAirSamplingBags ............................................................154
Contents ix
AnalyticalComparisons........................................................................156
HelpfulHints......................................................................................158
InterpretationofResults....................................................................159
Summary.......................................................................................................161
References.....................................................................................................161
9. Mold Volatile Organic Compounds and Mold Detection..................163
HealthEffectsandOccurrences................................................................163
SamplingforMVOCs..................................................................................166
SamplingStrategy...................................................................................166
SamplingMethodology..........................................................................167
ScreeningMethodologies...........................................................................168
VisualObservations................................................................................168
OdorTracking..........................................................................................170
MoistureTesting.....................................................................................171
InterpretationofResults.............................................................................173
Summary.......................................................................................................174
References.....................................................................................................174
10. Carbon Dioxide...........................................................................................177
OccurrenceofCarbonDioxide..................................................................178
SamplingStrategy........................................................................................179
SamplingMethodologies............................................................................180
DirectReadingInstrumentation...........................................................180
ColorimetricDetectors...........................................................................180
HelpfulHints................................................................................................182
InterpretationofResults.............................................................................183
Summary.......................................................................................................184
11. Carbon Monoxide.......................................................................................185
OccurrenceofCarbonMonoxide..............................................................185
SamplingStrategy........................................................................................187
SamplingMethodologies............................................................................188
DirectReadingInstrumentation...........................................................188
ColorimetricDetectors...........................................................................188
HelpfulHints................................................................................................190
InterpretationofResults.............................................................................190
Summary.......................................................................................................191
Reference.......................................................................................................191
12. Formaldehyde..............................................................................................193
OccurrenceofFormaldehyde.....................................................................194
SamplingStrategy........................................................................................196
SamplingMethodologies............................................................................197
AnalyticalMethodologies..........................................................................201