Indoor air quality: the latest sampling and analytical methods

420 Pages·2019·11.753 MB·English

by  Hess-Kosa, Kathleen

Indoor Air Quality

Indoor Air Quality
The Latest Sampling
and Analytical Methods
Third Edition
Authored by
Kathleen Hess-Kosa
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Hess-Kosa, Kathleen, author.
Title: Indoor air quality : the latest sampling and analytical methods / by
Kathleen Hess-Kosa.
Description: Third edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2019.
| Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018039371 | ISBN 9781138306615 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781315098180 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Indoor air pollution—Measurement. | MESH: Air Pollution,
Indoor—analysis.
Classification: LCC TD890 .H49 2019 | DDC 628.5/3—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018039371
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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and the CRC Press Web site at
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Contents
Preface ...................................................................................................................xv
Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................xvii
Author Biography ..............................................................................................xix
List of Abbreviations/Acronyms ....................................................................xxi
Section I Background
1. Historic Overview ..........................................................................................3
Evolution of Indoor Air Quality Investigations ..........................................4
Litigation ...........................................................................................................5
Differences in Health Effects .........................................................................7
A Misguided Premise .....................................................................................8
Regulations and Guidelines ...........................................................................8
National Ambient Air Quality Standards ...............................................9
OSHA Workplace Standards .....................................................................9
U.S. Government Directives ...............................................................11
ACGIH Workplace Guidelines ...........................................................11
American National Standards Institute/ASHRAE Ventilation
for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality ................................................12
ACGIH Exposure Guidelines Referenced in Older ASHRAE
Standard ............................................................................................13
Criteria for Low-Rise Residential Buildings.....................................13
Criteria for High-Performance Buildings .........................................15
International Recommendations and Guidelines ...........................15
Summary .........................................................................................................15
References .......................................................................................................16
2. Investigation Plan .........................................................................................17
Documents Review ........................................................................................19
Building a Walk-Through .............................................................................20
Occupied Areas .........................................................................................21
Air Handling System ................................................................................22
Bathroom Air Exhaust ..............................................................................23
Sewer System .............................................................................................23
Temperature and Relative Humidity .....................................................23
Occupant Activities ..................................................................................23
Interviews with Facilities Personnel ...........................................................24
Maintenance Staff .....................................................................................24
Custodial Staff ...........................................................................................25
v
vi Contents
Observation of Surrounding Areas .............................................................25
Assessing Occupant Complaints .................................................................26
Questionnaires ..........................................................................................26
Types of Questionnaires ......................................................................26
Questionnaire Response Rate ............................................................27
Informational Data ...............................................................................28
Interviews ...................................................................................................29
Summary .........................................................................................................30
References .......................................................................................................30
3. The Hypothesis .............................................................................................31
Information Review .......................................................................................31
Building Assessment ................................................................................32
Occupant Complaints ...............................................................................33
Hypothesis Development .............................................................................36
The Proactive Approach ...............................................................................38
Beyond the Scope ...........................................................................................39
Medical Physicians ...................................................................................39
Industrial Hygienists and Toxicologists ................................................39
Psychiatrists ...............................................................................................40
Summary .........................................................................................................41
Reference .........................................................................................................41
Section II Bioaerosols
4. Pollen and Spore Allergens ........................................................................45
Occurrence of Pollen and Spore Allergens ................................................45
General Information .................................................................................46
Spore-Producing Fungi and Bacteria .....................................................51
Fungi ...........................................................................................................51
Molds ......................................................................................................51
Mushrooms ...........................................................................................54
Rusts and Smuts ...................................................................................54
Slime Molds ...........................................................................................55
Bacteria .......................................................................................................55
Sampling Strategy ..........................................................................................56
Sampling and Analytical Methodologies ...................................................57
Spore Trap Air Sampling .........................................................................57
Analytical Methods ..................................................................................58
Commercial Laboratories .........................................................................58
Helpful Hints .............................................................................................58
Interpretation of Results ...............................................................................59
Summary .........................................................................................................63
References .......................................................................................................64
Contents vii
5. Viable Microbial Allergens ........................................................................65
Occurrence of Allergenic Microbes .............................................................66
Fungi ...........................................................................................................66
Molds ..........................................................................................................66
Yeasts...........................................................................................................69
Bacteria ............................................................................................................71
Bacillus ........................................................................................................71
Thermophilic Actinomycetes ..................................................................72
Air Sampling Methodologies .......................................................................73
Sampling Strategy .....................................................................................73
When and Where to Sample ...............................................................73
Equipment .............................................................................................74
Sample Duration ...................................................................................76
Sample Numbers ..................................................................................77
Culture Media .......................................................................................77
Procedural Summary...........................................................................80
Diagnostic Sampling Methodologies ..........................................................82
Sampling Strategy .....................................................................................82
Where to Sample .......................................................................................83
What to Sample .........................................................................................84
Sampling Supplies ....................................................................................84
Procedural Summary ...............................................................................84
Interpretation of Results ...............................................................................85
Genus Variability ......................................................................................86
Airborne Exposure Levels .......................................................................87
Bulk and Surface Sample Results ...........................................................88
Helpful Hints ..................................................................................................88
Summary .........................................................................................................89
References .......................................................................................................89
6. Pathogenic Microbes ....................................................................................91
Airborne Pathogenic Fungi ..........................................................................92
Disease and Occurrence ...........................................................................92
Aspergillus ............................................................................................92
Histoplasma capsulatum ....................................................................94
Coccidioides immitis ...........................................................................96
Cryptococcus neoformans ..................................................................98
Other Pathogenic Fungi ......................................................................99
Sampling and Analytical Methodologies .................................................102
Interpretation of Results ........................................................................103
Airborne Pathogenic Bacteria ....................................................................103
Pathogenic Legionella .................................................................................104
Sampling and Analytical Methodologies for Legionella .............106
Interpretation of Results ....................................................................106
Helpful Hints ......................................................................................107
viii Contents
Other Pathogenic Bacteria .....................................................................109
Disease and Occurrence of Prominent Airborne Pathogenic
Bacteria ............................................................................................109
Sampling and Analytical Methodologies ............................................114
Interpretation of Results ........................................................................115
Pathogenic Protozoa ....................................................................................115
Sampling and Analytical Methodology ..............................................116
Interpretation of Results ........................................................................117
Viruses ...........................................................................................................117
Summary .......................................................................................................118
References .....................................................................................................118
7. Toxigenic Microbes ....................................................................................121
Mycotoxins ....................................................................................................121
Disease and Occurrence .........................................................................123
Sampling and Analytical Methodologies ............................................125
Fungi Identification ............................................................................125
Toxin Identification ............................................................................126
Interpretation of Results ........................................................................127
Bacterial Endotoxins ....................................................................................128
Sampling and Analytical Methodology ..............................................129
Interpretation of Results ........................................................................131
Summary .......................................................................................................132
References .....................................................................................................132
Section III Chemicals and Gases
8. Volatile Organic Compounds ..................................................................137
Health Effects and Occurrences ................................................................138
Air Sampling Strategy .................................................................................141
When to Sample ......................................................................................141
Where to Sample .....................................................................................142
How to Sample ........................................................................................143
Rationale for Total VOC Screening (As Opposed to Component
Identification) ...........................................................................................143
Air Sampling and Analytical Methodologies ..........................................146
Solid Sorbents and Air Sampling Pumps ............................................147
NIOSH Method 1500 ..........................................................................147
EPA Method TO-17 .............................................................................149
Passive Organic Vapor Monitors ......................................................151
Evacuated Ambient Air Containers ................................................153
Whole Air Canisters ..........................................................................154
Ambient Air Sampling Bags .............................................................156
Contents ix
Analytical Comparisons ........................................................................158
Helpful Hints ......................................................................................160
Interpretation of Results ....................................................................161
Summary .......................................................................................................163
References .....................................................................................................163
9. Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds and Mold Detection .........165
Health Effects and Occurrence ..................................................................165
Sampling for MVOCs ..................................................................................168
Sampling Strategy ...................................................................................168
Sampling Methodology ..........................................................................169
Screening Methodologies ...........................................................................169
Visual Observations ................................................................................170
Odor Tracking ..........................................................................................171
Moisture Testing .....................................................................................172
Interpretation of Results .............................................................................174
Summary .......................................................................................................175
References .....................................................................................................175
10. Carbon Dioxide ...........................................................................................177
Health Effects and Occurrence ..................................................................178
Sampling Strategy ........................................................................................180
Sampling Methodologies ............................................................................180
Direct Reading Instrumentation ...........................................................181
Colorimetric Detectors ...........................................................................181
Helpful Hints ................................................................................................183
Interpretation of Results .............................................................................183
Summary .......................................................................................................184
References .....................................................................................................184
11. Carbon Monoxide .......................................................................................185
Health Effects and Occurrence ..................................................................185
Sampling Strategy ........................................................................................187
Sampling Methodologies ............................................................................188
Direct Reading Instrumentation ...........................................................188
Colorimetric Detectors ...........................................................................188
Helpful Hints ................................................................................................190
Interpretation of Results .............................................................................190
Summary .......................................................................................................191
Reference .......................................................................................................191
12. Ozone ............................................................................................................193
Health Effects and Occurrence ..................................................................193
Sampling Strategy ........................................................................................198