India's Constitution of 1949 with Amendments through 2012

264 Pages·2017·1.01 MB·English

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India's Constitution of 1949 with
Amendments through 2012
This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative
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Table of contents
Preamble ..............................................................................9
PART I. THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY ..............................................9
1. Name and territory of the Union ..........................................................9
2. Admission or establishment of new States ..................................................9
2A. Sikkim to be associated with the Union ...................................................9
3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States ............ 9
4. Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules
and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters ....................................... 10
PART II. CITIZENSHIP ................................................................ 10
5. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution .......................................10
6. Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan .................10
7. Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan .........................................11
8. Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India ..................... 11
9. Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens ..................... 11
10. Continuance of the rights of citizenship ..................................................11
11. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law .......................................11
PART III. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ....................................................12
General ..............................................................................12
Right to Equality .......................................................................12
Right to Freedom ...................................................................... 13
Right against Exploitation ................................................................15
Right to Freedom of Religion ..............................................................15
Cultural and Educational Rights ...........................................................16
Saving of Certain Laws ..................................................................17
Right to Constitutional Remedies ..........................................................18
PART IV. DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY ..................................19
36. De�nition ......................................................................... 19
37. Application of the principles contained in this Part ......................................... 20
38. State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people ....................... 20
39. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State ......................................20
39A. Equal justice and free legal aid ........................................................20
40. Organisation of village panchayats ..................................................... 20
41. Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases ...........................20
42. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief ......................... 21
43. Living wage, etc., for workers ..........................................................21
43A. Participation of workers in management of industries .....................................21
43B. Promotion of co-operative societies ................................................... 21
44. Uniform civil code for the citizens .......................................................21
45. Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years ............21
46. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other
weaker sections ....................................................................... 21
47. Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health21
48. Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry ......................................... 22
48A. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life ........... 22
49. Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance ....................... 22
50. Separation of judiciary from executive ...................................................22
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51. Promotion of international peace and security ............................................ 22
PART IVA. FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES .................................................. 22
51A. Fundamental duties ................................................................22
PART V. THE UNION ..................................................................23
CHAPTER I. THE EXECUTIVE ............................................................23
CHAPTER II. PARLIAMENT ..............................................................29
CHAPTER III. LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT ....................................42
CHAPTER IV. THE UNION JUDICIARY .....................................................42
CHAPTER V. COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA .............................49
PART VI. THE STATES .................................................................50
CHAPTER I. GENERAL ..................................................................50
CHAPTER II. THE EXECUTIVE ........................................................... 50
CHAPTER III. THE STATE LEGISLATURE ...................................................53
CHAPTER IV. LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR .....................................66
CHAPTER V. THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES ........................................... 67
CHAPTER VI. SUBORDINATE COURTS .................................................... 72
PART VII. The States in Part B of the First Schedule .....................................73
PART VIII. THE UNION TERRITORIES .................................................73
239. Administration of Union territories .................................................... 73
239A. Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories ........74
239AA. Special provisions with respect to Delhi ..............................................74
239AB. Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery ................................. 75
239B. Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature ................76
240. Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories ......................... 76
241. High Courts for Union territories ......................................................77
242. Coorg ........................................................................... 77
PART IX. THE PANCHAYATS ..........................................................77
243. De�nitions ....................................................................... 77
243A. Gram Sabha .....................................................................77
243B. Constitution of Panchayats .........................................................78
243C. Composition of Panchayats .........................................................78
243D. Reservation of seats .............................................................. 78
243E. Duration of Panchayats etc .........................................................79
243F. Disquali�cations for membership .....................................................79
243G. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayat ..................................... 80
243H. Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats ................................ 80
243I. Constitution of Finance Commission to review �nancial position ............................ 80
243J. Audit of accounts of Panchayats ..................................................... 81
243K. Elections to the Panchayats ........................................................ 81
243L. Application to Union territories ...................................................... 81
243M. Part not to apply to certain areas ....................................................81
243N. Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats .......................................... 82
243O. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters .......................................82
PART IXA. THE MUNICIPALITIES ..................................................... 82
243P. De�nitions .......................................................................82
243Q. Constitution of Municipalities .......................................................83
243R. Composition of Municipalities ....................................................... 83
243S. Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc ..................................83
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243T. Reservation of seats ...............................................................84
243U. Duration of Municipalities, etc .......................................................84
243V. Disquali�cations for membership .................................................... 85
243W. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc ...............................85
243X. Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities ................................85
243ZE. Committee for Metropolitan planning ................................................86
243ZF. Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities ........................................87
243ZG. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters ......................................87
Part IXB. The Co-Operative Societies ..................................................87
243ZH. De�nitions .....................................................................87
243ZI. Incorporation of co-operative societies ............................................... 88
243ZJ. Number and term of members of board and its of�ce bearers .............................88
243ZK. Election of members of board ......................................................88
243ZL. Supersession and suspension of board and interim management .......................... 89
243ZM. Audit of accounts of co-operative societies ...........................................89
243ZN. Convening of general body meetings ................................................90
243ZO. Right of a member to get information ................................................90
243ZP. Returns ........................................................................90
243ZQ. Offences and penalties ........................................................... 90
243ZR. Application to multi-State co-operative societies .......................................91
243ZS. Application to Union territories .....................................................91
243ZT. Continuance of existing laws .......................................................91
PART X. THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS .......................................91
244. Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas ...................................... 91
244A. Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local
Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor ........................................... 91
PART XI. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES ....................... 92
CHAPTER I. LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS .................................................... 92
CHAPTER II. ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS ................................................95
PART XII. FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS ............................ 97
CHAPTER I. FINANCE ..................................................................97
CHAPTER II. BORROWING .............................................................104
CHAPTER III. PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES, OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS .........105
CHAPTER IV. RIGHT TO PROPERTY ..................................................... 107
PART XIII. TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF
INDIA .............................................................................. 107
301. Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse .......................................... 107
302. Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse .............. 107
303. Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and
commerce ...........................................................................107
304. Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States ............................107
305. Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies ............................108
306. Power of certain States in Part B of the First Schedule to impose restrictions on trade and
commerce ...........................................................................108
307. Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304 ................ 108
PART XIV. SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES ......................... 108
CHAPTER I. SERVICES ................................................................ 108
CHAPTER II. PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS ............................................ 110
PART XIVA. TRIBUNALS .............................................................114
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323B. Tribunals for other matters ........................................................115
PART XV. ELECTIONS ............................................................... 116
324. Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission ......116
325. No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on
grounds of religion, race, caste or sex ..................................................... 116
326. Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis
of adult suffrage ...................................................................... 117
327. Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures .............. 117
328. Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature ...117
329. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters ....................................... 117
329A. Special provision as to elections to Parliament in the case of Prime Minister and Speaker ...... 117
PART XVI. SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES ..................118
330. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People ..... 118
331. Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People ................... 118
332. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of
the States ...........................................................................118
333. Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States ...... 119
334. Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after seventy years .................119
335. Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts ......................120
336. Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services ........................... 120
337. Special provision with respect to educational grants for the bene�t of Anglo-Indian community ...120
338. National Commission for Scheduled Castes ............................................ 121
338A. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes ............................................121
339. Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled
Tribes .............................................................................. 122
340. Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes .............. 123
341. Scheduled Castes .................................................................123
342. Scheduled Tribes ................................................................. 123
PART XVII. OFFICIAL LANGUAGE ...................................................123
CHAPTER I. LANGUAGE OF THE UNION ................................................. 123
CHAPTER II. REGIONAL LANGUAGES ................................................... 124
CHAPTER III. LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT, HIGH COURTS, ETC ..................... 125
CHAPTER IV. SPECIAL DIRECTIVES ..................................................... 126
PART XVIII. EMERGENCY PROVISIONS .............................................126
352. Proclamation of Emergency .........................................................126
353. Effect of Proclamation of Emergency ................................................. 128
354. Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is
in operation ..........................................................................128
355. Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance ....... 128
356. Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States ...........................128
357. Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356 .................. 130
358. Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies .................................130
359. Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies .......... 131
359A. Application of this Part to the State of Punjab ......................................... 131
360. Provisions as to �nancial emergency ..................................................131
PART XIX. MISCELLANEOUS ........................................................132
361. Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs ................................. 132
361A. Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures ................133
361B. Disquali�cation for appointment on remunerative political post ........................... 133
362. Rights and privileges of Rulers of Indian States ..........................................133
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363. Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc ........ 134
363A. Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and Privy purses to be abolished .......134
364. Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes .....................................134
365. Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union ..............135
366. De�nitions ...................................................................... 135
367. Interpretation ....................................................................137
PART XX. AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION ...................................137
368. Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor ..................... 137
PART XXI. TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS ...............138
369. Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as
if they were matters in the Concurrent List .................................................138
370. Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir ......................139
371. Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat .....................139
371A. Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland ................................. 140
371B. Special provision with respect to the State of Assam ....................................142
371C. Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur .................................. 142
371D. Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh ...........................142
371E. Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh ................................. 144
371F. Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim ................................... 144
371G. Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram ..................................146
371H. Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh ..........................146
371I. Special provision with respect to the State of Goa ...................................... 147
371J. Special provisions with respect to State of Karnataka ................................... 147
372. Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation ................................ 147
372A. Power of the President to adapt laws ................................................148
373. Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain
cases ...............................................................................148
374. Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or
before His Majesty in Council ............................................................148
375. Courts, authorities and of�cers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution149
376. Provisions as to Judges of High Courts ................................................149
377. Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India ................................ 149
378. Provisions as to Public Service Commissions ........................................... 150
378A. Special provisions as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly .................. 150
379-391. Rep. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch ................ 150
392. Power of the President to remove dif�culties ...........................................150
PART XXII. SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI AND
REPEALS ............................................................................150
393. Short title .......................................................................151
394. Commencement ..................................................................151
394A. Authoritative text in the Hindi language ............................................. 151
395. Repeals .........................................................................151
FIRST SCHEDULE. (Articles 1 and 4) ..................................................151
I. THE STATES ....................................................................... 151
II. THE UNION TERRITORIES ........................................................... 154
SECOND SCHEDULE. (Articles 59(3), 65(3), 75(6), 97, 125, 148(3), 158(3), 164(5), 186
and 221) ............................................................................ 155
PART A. PROVISIONS AS TO THE PRESIDENT AND THE GOVERNORS OF STATES ...............155
PART B ............................................................................. 155
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PART C. PROVISIONS AS TO THE SPEAKER AND THE DEPUTY SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF THE
PEOPLE AND THE CHAIRMAN AND THE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL OF STATES AND
THE SPEAKER AND THE DEPUTY SPEAKER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY AND THE
CHAIRMAN AND THE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL OF A STATE ........ 155
PART D. PROVISIONS AS TO THE JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT AND OF THE HIGH COURTS .156
PART E. PROVISIONS AS TO THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA ...........158
THIRD SCHEDULE. Forms of Oaths or Af�rmations (Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2),
164(3), 188 and 219) ................................................................ 158
I. Form of oath of of�ce for a Minister for the Union .......................................... 158
II. Form of oath of secrecy for a Minister for the Union ........................................158
A. Form of oath or af�rmation to be made by a candidate for election to Parliament ................ 158
B. Form of oath or af�rmation to be made by a member of Parliament ........................... 159
IV. Form of oath or af�rmation to be made by the Judges of the Supreme Court and the Comptroller and
Auditor-General of India ................................................................159
V. Form of oath of of�ce for a Minister for a State ............................................159
VI. Form of oath of secrecy for a Minister for a State ......................................... 159
A. Form of oath or af�rmation to be made by a candidate for election to the Legislature of a State .....159
B. Form of oath or af�rmation to be made by a member of the Legislature of a State ................159
VIII. Form of oath or af�rmation to be made by the Judges of a High Court ....................... 160
FOURTH SCHEDULE. Allocation of Seats in the Council of States (Articles 4(1) and
80(2)) ...............................................................................160
FIFTH SCHEDULE. Provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas
and Scheduled Tribes (Article 244 (1)) ................................................ 161
PART A. GENERAL ....................................................................161
PART B. ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL OF SCHEDULED AREAS AND SCHEDULED TRIBES ... 161
PART C. SCHEDULED AREAS ...........................................................162
PART D. AMENDMENT OF THE SCHEDULE ...............................................163
SIXTH SCHEDULE. Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of
Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram (Articles 244 (2) and 275 (1)) .................163
1. Autonomous districts and autonomous regions ............................................163
2. Constitution of District Councils and Regional Councils ..................................... 163
3. Powers of the District Councils and Regional Councils to make laws ...........................164
4. Administration of justice in autonomous districts and autonomous regions ......................165
5. Conferment of powers under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, and the Code of Criminal Procedure,
1898, on the Regional and District Councils and on certain courts and of�cers for the trial of certain
suits, cases and offences ............................................................... 166
6. Powers of the District Council to establish primary schools, etc ...............................167
7. District and Regional Funds ........................................................... 167
8. Powers to assess and collect land revenue and to impose taxes .............................. 167
9. Licences or leases for the purpose of prospecting for, or extraction of, minerals .................. 168
10. Power of District Council to make regulations for the control of moneylending and trading by non-
tribals .............................................................................. 168
11. Publication of laws, rules and regulations made under the Schedule .......................... 168
12. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of Assam to autonomous
districts and autonomous regions in the state of Assam .......................................168
12A. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of Meghalaya to autonomous
districts and autonomous regions in the State of Meghalaya ...................................169
12AA. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of Tripura to the
autonomous district and autonomous regions in the State of Tripura .............................169
12B. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of Mizoram to autonomous
districts and autonomous regions in the State of Mizoram .....................................170
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14. Appointment of Commission to inquire into and report on the administration of autonomous
districts and autonomous regions ........................................................ 170
15. Annulment or suspension of acts and resolutions of District and Regional Councils .............. 171
16. Dissolution of a District or a Regional Council ............................................171
17. Exclusion of areas from autonomous districts in forming constituencies in such districts ..........172
18. omitted by s. 71(i) and Eighth Sch., ibid. (w.e.f. 21-1-1972) .................................172
19. Transitional provisions ..............................................................172
20. Tribal areas .......................................................................172
20A. Dissolution of the Mizo District Council ............................................... 173
20B. Autonomous regions in the Union territory of Mizoram to be autonomous districts and transitory
provisions consequent thereto ...........................................................174
20C. Interpretation ................................................................... 174
21. Amendment of the Schedule ......................................................... 175
SEVENTH SCHEDULE. (Article 246) ..................................................175
List I. Union List ...................................................................... 175
List II. State List ...................................................................... 178
List III. Concurrent List .................................................................180
EIGHTH SCHEDULE. Languages (Articles 344(1) and 351) ............................ 182
NINTH SCHEDULE. (Article 31B) .................................................... 182
Explanation ..........................................................................190
TENTH SCHEDULE. Provisions as to disquali�cation on ground of defection (Articles
102(2) and 191(2)) .................................................................. 190
1. Interpretation ......................................................................190
2. Disquali�cation on ground of defection .................................................. 190
3. Disquali�cation on ground of defection not to apply in case of split ............................ 191
4. Disquali�cation on ground of defection not to apply in case of merger ..........................191
5. Exemption .........................................................................191
6. Decision on questions as to disquali�cation on ground of defection ............................ 192
7. Bar of jurisdiction of courts ............................................................192
8. Rules .............................................................................192
ELEVENTH SCHEDULE. (Article 243G) ...............................................193
TWELFTH SCHEDULE. (Article 243W) ............................................... 193
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Source of constitutional authority Preamble
Preamble
Motives for writing constitution
Type of government envisioned WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a
Separation of church and state SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its
citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
Freedom of opinion/thought/conscience LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
Human dignity FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the
Reference to fraternity/solidarity Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do
HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
PART I. THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY
1. Name and territory of the Union
1. India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.
2. The States and the territories thereof shall be as speci�ed in the First Schedule.
3. The territory of India shall comprise-
a. the territories of the States;
b. the Union territories speci�ed in the First Schedule; and
c. such other territories as may be acquired.
Colonies
Accession of territory 2. Admission or establishment of new States
Parliament may by law admit into the Union, or establish, new States on such terms and
conditions as it thinks �t.
2A. Sikkim to be associated with the Union
Rep. by the Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975, s. 5(w.e.f. 26-4-1975).
3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas,
boundaries or names of existing States
Parliament may by law-
a. form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or
more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State;
b. increase the area of any State;
c. diminish the area of any State;
d. alter the boundaries of any State;
e. alter the name of any State:
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Provided that no Bill for the purpose shall be introduced in either House of Parliament
except on the recommendation of the President and unless, where the proposal
contained in the Bill affects the area, boundaries or name of any of the States, the Bill
has been referred by the President to the Legislature of that State for expressing its
views thereon within such period as may be speci�ed in the reference or within such
further period as the President may allow and the period so speci�ed or allowed has
expired.
Explanation I
In this article, in clauses (a) to (e), "State" includes a Union territory, but in the proviso,
"State" does not include a Union territory.
Explanation II
The power conferred on Parliament by clause (a) includes the power to form a new State
or Union territory by uniting a part of any State or Union territory to any other State or
Union territory.
4. Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the
amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and
supplemental, incidental and consequential matters
1. Any law referred to in article 2 or article 3 shall contain such provisions for the
amendment of the First Schedule and the Fourth Schedule as may be necessary
to give effect to the provisions of the law and may also contain such
supplemental, incidental and consequential provisions (including provisions as to
representation in Parliament and in the Legislature or Legislatures of the State
or States affected by such law) as Parliament may deem necessary.
2. No such law as aforesaid shall be deemed to be an amendment of this
Constitution for the purposes of article 368.
PART II. CITIZENSHIP
Requirements for birthright citizenship 5. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution
At the commencement of this Constitution, every person who has his domicile in the
territory of India and-
a. who was born in the territory of India; or
b. either of whose parents was born in the territory of India; or
c. who has been ordinarily resident in the territory of India for not less than �ve
years immediately preceding such commencement,
shall be a citizen of India.
Requirements for birthright citizenship 6. Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have
migrated to India from Pakistan
Notwithstanding anything in article 5, a person who has migrated to the territory of
India from the territory now included in Pakistan shall be deemed to be a citizen of India
at the commencement of this Constitution if-
a. he or either of his parents or any of his grand-parents was born in India as
de�ned in the Government of India Act, 1935 (as originally enacted); and
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