Table Of ContentTo the memory of
LAWRENCE W. TOWNER
and
ALFONSO ORTIZ
Indians in American History
I&~~ ~::;tII!KI
An Introduction
Second Edition
Edited by
Frederick E. Hoxie
Vice President
for Research and Education
The Newberry Library
&
Peter Iverson
Professor ofH istory
Arizona State University
Harlan Davidson, Inc.
Wheeling, Illinois
60090-6000
Copyright © 1998
Harlan Davidson, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Except as permitted under United States copyright law, no part of this publica
tion may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored
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publisher. Address inquiries to Harlan Davidson, Inc., 773 Glenn Avenue,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Indians in American History: an introduction / edited by Frederick E. Hoxie
&: Peter Iverson.-2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-88295-939-9
1. Indians of North America-Historiography. 2. Indians of North
America-History-Study and teaching. 3. United States-Historiography.
4. Indians of North America~History . 5. United States-History-Study
and teaching. I. Hoxie, Frederick E., 1947-. II. Iverson, Peter.
E76.8157 1998
973'.0497'0072-dc21 97-37468
CIP
Cover painting: "Buffalo Dance" by Tonita Peiia (San Ildefonso), c. 1920.
Courtesy, The Newberry Library.
Cover design: DePinto Graphic Design.
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 09 08 07 3 4 5 VP
Contents
-~~~.~iD
Contributors VII
Preface ix
Preface to the First Edition xi
Introduction Indian / White Relations:
A View from the Other Side of the "Frontier"
by Alfonso Ortiz 1
Chapter One America Before Columbus
by James A. Brown 15
Chapter Two The Indians' Old World: Native Americans
and the Coming of Europeans
by Neal Salisbury 39
Chapter Three Indians in the Colonial Spanish Borderlands
by Henry F. Dobyns 62
.C hapter Four Native Americans and the American Revolution:
Historic Stories and Shifting Frontier Conflict
by Kenneth M. Morrison 87
Chapter Five Indian Tribes and the Ameriean Constitution
by Charles F. Wilkinson 105
Chapter Six Indians in Southern History
by Theda Perdue 121
Chapter Seven National Expansion from the Indian Perspective
by R. David Edmunds 140
v
vi . CONTENTS
Chapter Eight How the West Was Lost
by William T. Hagan 156
Chapter Nine The Curious Story of Reformers
and American IndiaJ,ls
by Frederick E. Hoxie 177
Chapter Ten Modern America and the Indian
by Alvin M. Josephy, Jr. 198
Chapter Eleven The Struggle for Indian Civil.Rights
by W. Richard West, Jr. & Kevin Gover 218
Chapter Twelve The 1970s: New Leaders forIndian Country
by Mark N. Trahant 235
Chapter Thirteen The Hearts of Nations:
American Indian Women in the Twentieth Century
by Paivi Hoikkala 253
Appendix 277
Index 284
Contributors
ai~:i.i. iiiii~:~i!ii!iii!!~~iKI
James A. Brown is Professor of Anthropology at Northwestern University. He is the
author of Pre-Columbian Shell Engraving From the Craig Mound at Spiro) Oklahoma
(1975) and joint author of Ancient Art oft he Woodland Indians (1985).
Henry F. Dobyns is an anthropologist and author whose works include Native Ameri
can Historical Demography (1976) and Their Number Become Thinned: Native Ameri
can Population Dynamics in Eastern North America (1983).
R. David Edmunds (Cherokee) is Professor of History at Indiana University and
author of The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire (1979), The Shawnee Prophet (1983),
Tecumseh and the Quest for Indian Leadership (1984), and coauthor of The Fox Wars.
Kevin Gover (Pawnee) practices law in Albuquerque with the firm of Gover, Stetson,
and Williams, and was nominated by President Clinton as assistant secretary of the
interior for Indian affairs.
William T. Hagan retired from the State University of New York College at Fredonia
and from the University of Oklahoma. His many publications include American Indi
ans (1961), United States-Comanche Relations: The Reservation Years (1976), and
Theodore Roosevelt and Six Friends of the Indians (1997).
Paivi Hoikkala received her Ph.D. in history from Arizona State University and cur
rently teaches history at Santa Monica College and the California State Polytechnic
University at Pomona. Her other publications include "Mothers and Community
Builders: Salt River Pima and Maricopa Women in Community Action" in Negotiators
of Change) edited by Nancy Shoemaker (1995).
Frederick E. Hoxie is Vice President for Research and Education at the Newberry
Library, Chicago. He has written The Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate the
Indians) 1880-1920 (1984) and Parading Through History: The Making of the Crow
Nation in America) 1805-1935 (1995) and is editor of The Encyclopedia of North
American Indians (1996).
viii II CONTRlBUTORS
Peter Iverson (editor) is Professor of History at Arizona State University. His most
recent book is «We Are Still Here»: American Indians in the Twentieth Century (1998).
Alvin M. Josephy, Jr. was founding chairman of the board of trustees of The Na
tional Museum of the American Indian. Editor of The American Heritage Book of
Indians (1964) and America in 1492 (1991), he has also written The Patriot Chiefs
(1961), The Nez Perm and the Opming of the Northwest (1965), After the Buffalo's
Gone (1984),500 Nations (1994) and numerous other books and magazine articles.
Kenneth M. Morrison is the author of The Embattled Northeast: The Elusive Ideal of
Alliance in Abenaki-Euramerican Relations (1984). Professor Morrison teaches reli
gious studies at Arizona State University.
Alfonso Ortiz (San Juan Tewa) served as a member of the National Advisory Council
of the D'Arcy McNiclde Center for the History of the American Indian from its incep
tion in 1972 until his death in January 1997; he chaired the group after 1977. Profes
sor of Anthropology at the University of New Mexico, he authored The Tewa World:
Space Time, Being, and Becoming in a Pueblo Society (1969), and edited volumes 9 and
10 of the Smithsonian Institution's Handbook of North American Indians.
Theda Perdue is Professor of History at the University of Kentucky. Her most recent
work is Cherokee Womm: Gender and Culture Change, 1700-1835 (1998).
Neal Salisbury is Professor of History at Smith College. He is the author of Manitou
and Providence: Indians, Europeans, and the Making of New England, 1500-1643
(1982), coauthor of The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People (3rd ed.,
1998), and editor of Mary Rowlandson's «The Sovereignty and Goodness of God» and
Related Docummts (1997).
Mark N. Trahant (Shoshone-Bannock) is a journalist who has covered Indian Coun
try for two decades. He is editor and publisher of the Moscow-Pullman Daily News in
Moscow, Idaho, and author of Pictures of Our Nobler Selves (1995), a history of Native
American contributions to the news media.
W. Richard West, Jr. (Cheyenne/Arapaho) is Director of the National Museum of
the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution.
Charles F. Wilkinson is Professor of Law at the University of Colorado and the au
thor of American Indians, Time and the Law: Native Societies in Modern Constitu
tional Democracy (1987).
