Table Of ContentIndian Tribes of the
New England Frontier
Michael Johnson · Illustrated by Jonathan Smith
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 3
TRIBES & CONFEDERACIES OF THE NEW 5
ENGLAND REGION
M!CHAEL.JOHNSONhn THE PEQUOT WAR, 1637 11
~the....1..-t.1
• Earlvcontacts ill \tl~"'ldlllo;('I'"and COllllI'cliCUI
cuttufw.~.pftyand
~Ie.....tlonVlips01 • The mac-acreat \1~"'lic
~u.nc.npeople'or • Afu-rmath: \Iohq~an..and 1'1:"<]1101"
__th-.30.......Hehas
...-ttecI _ 30NaU". KING PHILIP'S WAR, 167&-76 13
.-..-nc..communiI_
and_ I!onto..ndhe18 • Earlv\\'ampalloag:contacts
--..editor10 . nu,""" • The war:Swansea. De...-rfield. Blood, Un"'L..,(~rt';lt Swami)
of~10-1"",1... .ndthe
• Afn-rmarh
MItt-."K_of .rtle....
HetoMprwriouatrwritten
THE ABENAKI TRAIL LEADS NORTH 18
1I8ot-aI...infts228:~"_t
WoodI8ncl'Indf_,
• King:\\'illiam's War:Hannah [lu"lin'""lUI}
"'-2M:~lndf8ns
• QUI'I'n Anne-, War. the Deerfield raid
01"..~'andMen....
"'-344:TriMs01"..$Iou. • C;rt"yLock'sWar
Nation.He1""-In theW..I • TIlt' French & Indian War:tln-St Frauci-, raid
M6cII8ncIa,UK.
THE MAHICAN AND DELAWARE TRAIL 23
LEADS WEST
• TIlt' \Iahican
• TIll' Delaware
RELIGION AND CEREMONY 34
MATERIAL CULTURE 36
FAMOUS LEADERS 39
JONATHAN SMITHw.. THE PLATES 43
bornIn LondonIn 111SfiI.H•
•"ended81M.rtln'. School
of "An"o.ndobl.lnttd • d"llr•• INDEX 48
In art,,"omGold.mlth'.
CoIIeV"ofA".HI. work h••
booen ••hlbltttdIn m.nv
p llerieL....hashad• Ul..
iontIlnt_ l lnN.I....
AmeticMw.nd ha. tr led
••tenUvefVIntho USA.nd
Canadawithpeopl••of
-nrtrit»I t He
~ ndwwtl.
In Che"enham, UK.
Men-at-Arms · 428
Indian Tribes of the
New England Frontier
Michael Jonnc;nn,,:o·1I1Listrated by Jonathan Smith
Fnlpul>M/le(linGnNn1lntaII'l.,:2'OOllt>r0ItnI'PubloIIwlo Dedication
~ ,w.tway.BoMy.O><lcwl:l0X2ClPH.lJI(
443P "--South._ _ .NY10018.USA
T1vsbookitOedlCllledtotileITIllITIClfY01DrColin ETayIor.ascholl
""'-..
Acknowledgements
-AIng.t"II'*lI*_" Ac-tIram-.y"-';10'"~do~.v-anst:ulav, SpecialIt1ankstoNIChola5$mrth01en.--::t<,Mane,a"lCltoVIe
(r_ ,_ ~"'-"CcIpyrVc. 1oIowwIg,whollIsogave0I1hewIneande.x.perwecIIn'lg the
"-Ilct.1_ .noI*'l0/.,.~...,"'--.-~=._-.,. prepIflltlOll01'tile te><t:DeniseAtI'Ie1on,UK;~HamilIon,
•_.,....,or_.,-.yb'm(rt>r-.y Connth.~:HII8ry&RIchan:lHook,UI(;&ntI.Jc#r8on,UK;
-'~~~,~",,-.gor--' JerwferLee,F'laonflekj, ~Tm O·SuIivw!.UK; lind
-.out"pnat ~d"copyngI'II_.Enqo,.,.""""'" Troy-PhAps,01Prttsheid,Ma$$achusen$;a"lCl~YorI<.Ouebec.
"'-_IO_~
Artist'. Note
ISBN1&l118ll371
ANdersmaycare tonotethatthe0fig1ll8lpamlongstromwtIlCh
tilecolorplatllSin\Illsbook_ eprepared_ availablelotpnvate
"'-t>rJoMRoch.m
P.,.1ayc:oulf,t>r.......!iamf> aa~.Allreproduchollcopyrightwllatsoevefit rela.nedbythe
!ride. t>rG/vtl$ulclille Pu~~,Al!enqu,nesshouldbeaddressedto:
Ong"",loodbyThaElectfonx::PagaCoIrII)any,C...r.nbtan.UK
J()(lllthall Smith,
PnntKlttlCt>i,..tI>roughWon<!Prtt>tltd,
107RyeworthRoad.CharltonKings,Olouc8!ltarstllf. GL526LS,UK
oral www.natrvaamaricalllmages.l;O.uk
Dl107Dll09 10 1098765 ~ 3 2 1
- ThePUbl'ehaf$regretlhatthey CIII'llIf1IerintonoCOfT1l!lpOr1den
upon!his maher.
FORA.C.A.T.AL.OGOFAU.8OQI(SI'UBUSHEOBY
OSPR£VMII.ITAFlYANDAVIATIONI'UASE CONTACT
o-.ye-ct.24VBondStrMt,~P-....-.USA
EmaoI:lnIo.oep.........l<:otol
AI_ MgIIDfII:
o.p,..,e-ct.lJf(PO80. lao.I\_ ogtoa.....~HHl2Fa.lJf(
EIMI:~lo. oep.........l.co_
e.,,_M_.~_
INDIAN TRIBES OF THE
NEW ENGLAND FRONTIER
INTRODUCTION
M.vx II'-, F-XISTUI in tilt' rq.n.on \\t. cill :\(-w Eugtand for at lea.~1
12,000 ~t"a,..,. although the detail ofhi...culturalhi...lllri are rill
not "ell understood . However e can cla......il~ Iunlo: r)t·riud of
pn-hivtorv by the ...hapesoftools found ar ardl,u'nloJ;ical ~ile"
Woodt'll ...I)(".uv were tipped .....-ith fluted points of tliut for hunting"
mammoth... during whal we term lilt' Paleo-Indian period. ht.-fore i.nnO
~l'an aKo, follo"ing rhe-la...t lee-Ag"e, l.au-r a warmer and drie-r r-limare
hnJll~ht muller ~amesuch as caribou. and oak. ht>t'ch and pint' ht-;r-1II
tel f1ouri h in lilt"Early Archaic period. from i.OOO III 5.0()() vears agu"
~JohnFrancia, the
....1oftheP~uoddy Thi......a..... tilt"list" ofranged projectilt· puint.... h.nht'f! harpuom. and lilt"
chieN10 beM4ectedtOO'lit.; ,,1/,,11 or spear-tbrower. lncn-a...iIlK n-mpe-rarurev brought uum- varied
INl.PCMl.nto be....-Ing • fOH·,lalion and game.whilethecaribou ~radualh-rerrean-duonbward-.
beadedNUlIIIriIhsllv... 1\'t·.....erpeople' mav have arrived From rlu-(~rt'al LaL.t...fe~inn.llt'raldinA"
brooc.....Drawingtramthe
lilt' Late- Archaic period. from 5,lMMI~ear-, aKlltel nroundAl) :\4M). nll~
1I~r.dLondontNws.
s.pt....bow t803. hnih t1.....ellinh" ofharkslabs: boneand antle-rtoni,were uwd for making"
vkiu d OlhiliR. and therewa-, continued refinr-meru and decor-Ilion.
Towardsthe endofthe Lan-Archaic,infhu-ncevfrom tlu-Ohio \'alle\
culture... - Adena (ROO Be-AD I{)(I). and Hopewell (:\4141Be-AD "100)
were- wen in "'101lI· hoes and day pot.... she-ll and n lPI)t'r lx-ad.... I)(JIle
cumh... and fish hooks. The...c pt-ople-, were lilt' nurial xtound Builtlt'f'i,
who a]..,u IWJf'Ul Jf,l.rrleniug" wild t'dihle' <inti l.uer cultivaling" "'lua...h.
be-an... and tobacco. The ~Ii......i",ippians (,\1> il14I-I.")OO) we-re Temple
Mound Buildr-rs.who added the cultivatinn ofcorn (mail!').pumpkins
and g"llIlrth. The combined tarmlug. huntin,!.;. li...hing" ant! If<ullt'rilllo:
tradition of Iht, Woodlant! period (All :~O/)-160()) olft-r, t·\'icfelln' for
Inralilt·c\ rultural pattern... which approximun- rlu- major river
drulnagcs.The Xew England regiou c\i\,idt·, inlo two major culturaland
J.:t·oloJ.:iral /Olll'S: northern. extending 1'1"0111 C,l1Iac\a as far ...ourh a...
Sale-m. tl.lassadlllsell.s. where hlrchbark wa... uvailabh- for un-nsil-, ami
...lu-ln-rs: and sourln-rn, whe-re corn ag:ri' Hltun' had developed. with
pOllt'I]'anti soap...tone bowl....
In Iht' ...olllh Ihl' Indians Wt'n' uSHally alTang:t·t! inlO 100"'1'
t"olth-tll'radt's, lhl' d lt'ethe unil I-)t'in~ Iht' locil nl1lllll11llity ofone or
1"'11 ...mall \"illa~t·s. \'illag:e'" of pt"rhap... 200 pt'oplt, wnt' IUI.-alt·1f near
walt'l", nlh-n r,li...t'd abo\'(' flood II'H·1.Such \illagl'S .ItTupit·d the sanlt'
...ilt· for up 10 It'll years. ulllil K;mlt' or soil hq{<lII 10 fail. Tr,l.\e1was hy
r.
HII or ,aIIlK' - l'ilhefofthe andt'nldURtlll1 Iypt'.III"m,ult' frolll sheets
m
of hark on white cedar framt's. a... IN'd ill Iht' lIonllt'nl areas Iht"
AI)('IMki and ~tinnac.
In Ihl' "l.llilhefll area field, for ("tIm "t'ft· dt·an·d with lin"11\ Ihe
mt'lI,for .....Ollll·n 10 plant in ..prill,!.;and han t·" ill iall' "'1I11l11lt"r,Com.....-,1.... 3
•
o 100 200 40() 500
SCAl'"r~MILES
N
I
~~
c::::/
(me"),,Lake I =S!
MOlI"" K
I
V
~-
//' ,
,-,- /1 ,
I t:...l'u,
- -,~IA
rt_"~.S\V· '
\:j>
,.:::;}'-
IlEl,AWARE
4 Tribal distributionIn New Englandand adjacentareas,c.162~1720
boiled. rfJ;l..n-d. pounded or grollnd 10 a flour 10
make pOl<tg"t' 01' cake... and mixed ....'ith be-rrh-...
meal and "ul{<lr maple- Silp 10 produce- '>tllll"'.
hominyalld Mlccol<.,h.Although fanniu~ -a' IlUl
a.. irnen..ivc .., among: rhe lroquoi-, it 'Ill
important ..upplement In hunting: and Ihhing:,
Deer and he-ar provided food and clothing. hill
there were lahoo..a)faimt taking wolf.....'ildcat or
.~
r.mle'lIaL.e' for food. Bt,"' and arro.....' tipped ....ith
I : quaruorHim \\t.rt' uce-d for hunting and .....utare.
Ahhough t1lt'y .....ere scarcely "tr ibes" in Iht'
popular"t·n..e.grtJllp" ofvillages or loo-e-r-onfed
eracic.. had chief.. ralh-d -J(jrhnns-; aurhoritv
pa" t'd lrorn f.uhers to ..on, or en'll (() wi\e..
hence the U\(' by lilt, Engli..h settlers ofIht' nth
-kin}!;- or "queen". Council.......ere made up of
several Sitchems and minor chiefs or -If1f.!fllllfJ'''',\",
Shamau-, ralh-d "pO\\'WOWS-by Ih(' Eng"li..h.a
W('I'('
corruption of "/JfllIlI'tlU-. an Indian term for a
pric..t or wizard.
This wa, lilt' world disturbed b~ En/{Ii..h
.. modemNlpmw;:k wtrle-rm-nt in the 161h n"IIIl1I1', \\'hilt' pno..colllan Indian lilt- ill the
reeon,truetlonof• b.rt1 t"a-,te-rnAI~lIn"'ian are-anta~'have IK"t"1I n-lanvelv pe aceful.archaeological
_ tu or.Iew...... t"\idt'nn' do('" ~lI~t·" that ..calpin~. torture, burning and ranuibali..m
did la"'t' place TIn'explorer\'t"rr.II.tIl0 (1':"'24) reports thai :\'arrag.lI1\t'u
warfare- ill\lIln..1deception..and qlli(''''I~ ch.mJ{ing alliances. "111t"while
me-n'vfe-ar IIf treacIu-rv often led IIIilJ('idt'nls ofviolence.....hu-h greatlv
inte-nsified in paralle-lwith European pn"..ure for trade and ....nb-ment.
Pn'>tJlWNwen- often take-nin warfare.and capturedwomen andchildren
we-reildoptt'tl;ihe need to maintain tlu-numbersofIndian ronuuuniue-,
se-e-m..10 han' IK"t'lI a preoccupation.
TRIBES & CONFEDERACIES OF THE
NEW ENGLAND REGION
Thereader shouldbe aware North to South:
thatmany variations occur in ~IICMAC (mir-mak}.or MI'KMAQ (mig-Illaw) - -allies~. :\ peoph- .....ho
thespellingsand classification originally m'rupk-d the whole- of \laritime Canada, including Nm'a
oftnbalgroupsand language
Scotia. Citpt· Bn'lllil bland, Prince Edward l-land. Xew Brunswick and
families- e,g,Abnaki for
A!:lenakl,Algonquianfor pari,' of Xvwfoundlaud and Mairu-. Coutarted by Cabot in 1497, hUI
Algonkian- foundinscholarly, SUIN'qUt'llll~' slmn}!;allies of tilt" Fn-mh until Ii59,A long ""''>tl('btiull
histoocal andanthropological with French Canada SitWan inevitable llIixill~ of the races anti 10" of
reports,Thenative people nativerraditiousand customs.Howe-o-r,theyart"theonly.\Igonkiallsof
themselvesdidnotand in
tilt' Xortheastwho have retained their language in an~ numbers.Their
somecasesstilldonot
recognizetheso-called original population w01.. pcrbap.. 5.()()O, Today about 1O.()u() an'
"tnbes"thatateusedasa CHItIW('lt·tI with about 30 rt''>t'rVl',. and pt"rhap' a..many are -canered
~ttooltodescnbe Ihmughoul vasu-m Canada. 'Illt' br~t'''1 I);uub are F.sK<l'>tllti (Capt·
k1dianpeoplesIf1different Un'lun), Shuht"nacadit' (:\'m-a Sculia), Huml Church and Big: fA:I\t'
1ocat1Ql"lS.These groupings
ateasubteCtofcontinued (:\'t'w UrumwicL.); Iht're isabo a I>iUld in \Iaint'.
debateandrevision. Uu..ECITE tlr ~L\USU.I (malt......·!) - -I;t~, spt'akef'\". A ..mall lrilw •
;')on
of OIi~inal1~' Iwrhaps pt·oplt·. and prohahly OIlCt' Ollt· .....ilh Iht'
l'a~<;<lIl1aqtllldd~ of ;"lailll', hut divided hy the
inu-mationalbonk-r afu-r tilt' nri,i~h ("()lJ(j!lCSI of
Canada in Iit'o. Till'y lived ll1ainl~' alotlg" the
SlJt)hn rive-rin I)n·...r-tu ~l'WBIlIlI...wirk.Thev\\('rl'
tlflt'n in Cllllt(-dl'ratitlilwith \linllal",Alx-naki and
H
I't'IHJIN"ot ;l...H\\',lhanaki or "Eu-hemiu", hilt the
latter is ~lrinl~ au extinct LIIIg"lIag"t'" Their
dt"'K"t'ntlant.... are ...rill found in Xew Bruno..'irk at
Orollloclo,\rlMKhttKl and"lobique. illQuebecat
\'i,l.l;er. and in .\bim· near Houlton. and numbe r
2.0UOwith a ...trong" Europe-au admixture.
PA.~.-\.\L\QUODnY(lhl"11I1a-lw;ult") - Mtho...eof
1111;'placewhere-thepollock.art"plentiful".Apeople
of l';l'....lIna(IIIH(ld~ BolYand 51Croix ri..er. .\laine,
originallv tilt"...uue pcoph-a... the \1;11t"cilt" bill Idl
«uuh of tilt"inlt'IlI;lIional honlt'r after the Briush
\1CIO~' OWl' lilt' Fn-nrh ill 171;!1" 1>',N.alTlaqllodd~
ami l'l'IlIJI)'K"OI unde-r tln- influence of French
cleric... drme !J<lCk ami dt"lrl)~t"d Engli...h se-1
tlemene, ill \bill(' in Il)H1;I, Itil.HI anti 17ttt 11\t"
En~li...h retaliated in Ii2:\ and 172.J under
Wl"lhroolami in Ii'2;Junde-r1.l:1\t"\\('II"Over I.OrN)
d,·,n'lUlanl!'o n-maiu. milch mixe-d \'I11h white and
ruher Indian ;lIIn"lI~. on 1'\'\0 re...........inion... near
Priuccrou and Ea...lpnrt."\!;Iillt'.
ABENAKI (ah.a-nalO - -dawn land people" or
"ea...n-nu-rs". A l)("o"ll' uf o-mral .\Iaint" in lilt:"
"Illeysof tln-A'lllro"'C"oj.',}{in, Ke-um-be-r-.Sacn and
SylvillStanl.leu.. efi'enob.cot I'euob-cot rive-rs. ill several ...ubtribe ... and larKt· \1lbKes including the
photogrephed InMei_el _ .... Kr-nm-ln-c. ~orridg"t"wtl(l, 1'('llllh"'l"111 and \\'a\" '11IIck (Pemaquid}.
dele"'teIn tk8 11thc.nlury, F()lIlI\'11n~ King" Philip's War. 167:>-76, Ihl'}' \'1'('1"1' attarke-d and forced
_ring Ie'll. sllv.r bf'ooch..
nonhwc...1hytln-Etlg"lish.....itlulr.:""111g"uhil11aldy10the Fn-m-h lIIi"inm
ende........pum neckleceend
in Canada - 51 Fram-iv and nt~ClllctJllr - from wlu-rt- tlu-v n-taliau-d
holdingen..h-.ptlnlbesket.
lCourtuy Nichol..N,Smithl ,Ig:aillsl lilt, ~('w E11g"lalHj scnk-rs illall lilt' roloniul ("(llilliel-...IJfthe Ixrh
n'l1tll1~. One subtrilx- n-maiucd ill \laine,lillallyIllaldng"pt'an' with the
EI1g:li~h ami rt"lainillg:silt"... alollg: rlu- l't"llolJ'\("Il\ river, principallyat Old
Town, .\Iaint', where about 1,(U)I)I)t'tll)lt,of Pt'IUIIN"111anrr-...!ry remain.
The exact relationship lx-twevn Ihn t· Alx-uaki uud the-ir W('...n-rn
relali\'t'~ isa matter 01lit-hall',
\\'F$TER!"roJ ARENAKI til' SOKOKI - ~1't'opk who separated". The
..\Iwtlaki... whu inhabited rlu- Uppt'l" toum-cnrut rivr-r \"allt·y ill .\bilU',
Xew llamp...hirt", \\t·...lern \la"achu t·ll.... allli \'t'l'lllllnt, ,\1\(1, after Ilwir
t'xl'ul...ion from the IJlJl'dt,[~ of \Ia ldlll......US, tilt' lTt'l·k.S alltl rin'f'S
dnlining: itllo Lakt" Champlaill, Thl'ir I'rillril'al .,nhg"roup... wert' Ihe
SCjLlalheag, Pigl.."aclt"l. Cowa"'lKl anti .\li......i...qllui, who g"r;ulnall~"
withdrt"w 10 Frt'nch Canadaduring tilt' lalt' 1Ilh;IlId 1Hlh f('t1t11ry.Tlwy
wt"rt' wdconlt:"d ,lSrt"fnget"... and allil·... hytill' Fn'llt"h in tilt' t'olollial wars
Oil Iht" ~t"\\ England humin. IlUrillg 111(' Frt'ndl alld Indian War,
Wahanali warrio.... (.\ht--naki. \Iionac \lalt'("itt, ;Ind Pa.......lll1aCfIltKldy
CtlllIhillt'd) foughl \\ilh Iht' Fn·t1ch al Fori William IIt'IU) (1757).
TinJndt'n~1 (17:>8) and fhwl'/;!;I) (17;)9), illld ai'll ill Ihe Ohio nnlllu)-.
•
Th-.;. '\t'ult"d at SI Franci~ <Ind Ilt"c;lIInmr, QlIt'tk'(", wht'rt" dt'-.<"t'lIdilIlL'
n-maiu. and also m-ar Swanton. Vermont. However, tlu- SI Francis Maleclte gatharing at
Indial1sart' an amalgam ofseve-ral Xew En~blld tribal ~r(}llps. Klngaclaar,H_ 8nmawlck,
PK" :'IJACOOK or PA\\TUCKET - "downhill". TIlt"S(' peopk- live-d aloliK on Corp"aChori-atvlD-ay, 1887,
(Photograph T,T~
the Merrimack river at (AlllCllnl, Xew llamp..hire. and in adjacent
JHw8runawlcllPnMndaI
\b"'''ldlll..ell.sand' laine,-11\l~ were dlN:lyn-lan-d totheAbenaki.Cmdly Atcfln.n, F~
m-ated by till" EIlKlish follemill)( Nn~ Philip'" War, 167!l-;Il, Iht.~·joined
the-ir rel..lIin'S OIl1d were ab.,.onx'(l I~ till' SI Francis lndianv in Canada.
although a fe« we-rt-said til IM\e continued ne-ar Manchesu-r in their old
n-rritorv until n·("t·ntly,'nleYpnlbablynumbe-red ~LOIIl) !x,feln' 1675.
POCOMTUC Of POCU~ITUCK - "narrow swift river". A people of
wcsn-m \lassarhllSt'lIS, from Agawam in rlu- sourh 10 Ik n tield in rlu
north. Anorlu-r \-ilIagl" railed Agawam ne-ar Ipswich, \Iassarhusell.s,
t'Xisled in lilt' 171h century hut was pfobahlya I'ennacook senlemenr.
Tlu-v Illay haw' been closely' related 10 11u- Xipmuck. pe-rhaps speaking
Clllt· of a number of poorly recorded Algonkian lallh'll<ll{es but
unassigned 10a tribal group. TIley'joined Philip in the-gt'Ill'ra.1 war of
1675-76, and ....ere desrroved. TIl("1a.'1 \"l' kllow of them before they
di...rppeared hum hi..to~· is that Ihe:;.'joine-d the multi-tribal SI Franci..
Indian.. at Odauak in CIIl.If!a. The-ir original numbe-r.. probably
exceeded 1,000 people.
NII'~IUCK (nip-murk}- "freshwaterfhhillg plan'"..-\ nauu-IIICllH'r tlu
Indians of o-utral \!a-......r-hu..t-ux be twcvn Lancaster am! Hatfield, and
probahly n-l.ued to the l'ocouuuc \\'('..1ofthv Connecticut river. \1011111
Wachmell,all important Indian car-red place. laywithin their domain,
S ome took part in, or slu-lu-u-d wafI;ng Indians during Kin~ Philip's
War.afterwhich few..urvived.Sclmt' dt'SCt'nc.lillllsarestill .lSo;(l("iared ....11h
land..near Oratton. Dudley"and \\'eh<.te.·r,.\las"'lChust"Us.
MASSACHUSETf {rna:sa-dliltlSit) - "at lilt' great hill". These people
occupied lilt' roumrv between \!a........dHl'tl.'I!SI\ayand rlu-Concord .11111
(:harlt's ricers. and pcrhap.. numbered :l,(K)() at a unu- before the
Puritan..gallwn'c!them into village.. of "l'raviug Indian..", and beforr
epidemics (If smallpox ;IlHI otln-r diseases had reduced their numbers.
Bylilt' time 01'lilt' English senlemenrofBo-ron lilt' nanvepopulariou of
Xew England had alreadv Sf.'riously de-clined. .-\ few c1t's("t'nc!ants frum
11ll' villages ofXanck and l'unkapog..urviced uuultilt' )9th celllury'. 7
»:
WA.\IPA..","OAG (walllpa-Il(la~) (ITPOKO\:-';OKlT (paka-nakit}- pt""ihly
Ille'lllill~ "easterners". :\ IIMI'>t" confederation of Indi~1II j,{ruup.. of
"uuthl'it,tl'Tn .\1a"~I("hll"t·lh. including Iho,(' Oil the ("(1;1...1 he-lo.....
.\Iap.hlidd.Calx-Cod. ' I.trlha's \'int"Yilrd htuul and XanuuIcet leland.
The major ,ullj..'Toup" wen- lilt" Xausetv of c.tJ-X· Cod. the Sakunne-ts
and I'lIca...,r-'" bordering Rhod e leland !-x·low Fall Ricer. TIlt"} were
aln:ady L.1I0WIl 10 European... be-fore the arrical(Iflilt' Pilgrim- in 16~O.
\la""''''li" the-ir]e;uliIlRsarlu-m.\\,bfrit'mllytowards the "ellll'N: but hi..
sUlI - (';111(·<\ Philip by lilt" whites - It-d <I Rt'!wral uprising:av;aithl the
(·"Iollist... ill 1675, whuh 1I1lilll,IIdy almm,1dt-",troyed his pe-ople. Tlwy
uriginallynumbered :\,:100; rlu-irre-mnant..scuh-d in various loe<uinnsin
Bristol and Barnslahlc' rountics and \tanha\ Vinevard. whe-n- mixed
hlnod dc',n'ndants re-main. particularly ;11 \bshptT ami (~ay Head.
whe-re old Jndi;1II lIIec·tillJ,!; htlUst'S remain as focal points, Thew ,ITl' of
mixed de-cent, without old Indian CIISIOIIIS or the-ir lallh11.l<lgc·,but han'
rrn'mly lx-eu revnalia-d h\ Pan-Indian inthn-ure...
I'ARR-\G,-\.."SElT (lIar.I~Ul"it) - pos.sihh ~pt·1.>pl(' of till' "mall point".
'111('''1' people occupied tlu-an-a nowknnwn as the stau-ofRhodt· Island
am\ ....ere c\t)"l"\~ rl;"\all'l\ tn \\w ;';iami.c!>. \Ihi.m"tr\~' mt'"rg\n~ ....ilh mern
after Killg Philip'vWar.TIlt' Cl)\\t""l-·t. 1'''....1<tXC·1and Block leland Indians
....eu-all\("1")'probablvtlu-"'ll1Il'people.They\n·rt· kllt"'l\ tn Ituhce-uturv
I;"xplon'rs such .l.. \'t'ITM;IIIH ami JaIlT to lilt" Dutch, and ttnaltv Ihi'
English, to whom tlwy wen' at 11'I"t tricndlv afte-r Kogel" Williams wnh-d
amollgst rln-m. II0wl'\t'r, [heir rhicfsachcru Cauonchetjohu-d Philip in
tlu- W~11 ~lgaillSt the l·nlolli..ls in 1675. They In..t huge llIUlI"t'rs ~II the
Cn'alSwamp Fight m-arWt'S1Kingstun. RIH)(!l- Island.wlH'1I tilt' English
anarke-rl the-ir fortifu-d \ilbgt". A ourviderabh- number 01" dl'su'lUlanL~
known as xarraganwu. hUI including: rlu- Eastern :\iantics, have
Mere"N_ h, _ 01the1ast continuedtoli\r in andaroundCharlestownand Kt'nyon,with all Indian
01theNYnticI'Mi amongthe burial g:fUtllld, church <llld ..mall n-ervation 'L~ a focus of nlluilluing:
Mohepns, pftotog phedby Indian ide-nritv,although the-vart'\e~' mixvd raciallv.
M.rttHilrringtOllIn 1912.
rtOL\.''TIC {ni-annk) -I)(l..sibly "at a point on an estuarv".The Xianuc
wen'divide-d into F.'ISI,·nl and \\'t-stern dhisiulls, probable h~ incur-ions
of tlu- l'efJllot; the- Easl"111 Xiannc lived till the east bank of the
Pawr.uurk rive-r, Rhode Island, and the-\\·t·,,\t·fn Xianuc Oil tht' coast
betwee-n :\e\1" London and Old Lyme, Connecricnt. The-e g:rolipS
orig-inally formed OIl<" Iril)('; tlwir lallg:uag-c' ;uul ("uhun' wa, proh.lhly
Oll{' wilh till' ;s;"arrag-;Il\st'u, with wholll tht' Eastern :\iantif finally
illcorpor;llt'd,The \\"('slt'l'lI Niantic slln'iH'd until thl' 19th n'lIlllry, lhe
1a~1 of t1\t"m illlel"lll<IlT)'illJ,!; with the \Iolwg:ans ill ('..ollllt·etinll. Tht,),
mailliaillt·d a pru-Ellg:lish pmilioll dllrilll{ KillJ,!; Philip's War\lndef Iht'"ir
(·hid·:\illig:ret, and altc-r lIlt' ,'aplllre orCmolldu.'( he a"..unwd (ontrol
0"'1' lIlt"..unhors ofthc' ("tllllhillt'fl Ea...lt"rn \:ialllie..and \:arrd~,lIht·t""
MOIIEGA..... (mo--lH'~IItI. :\"01 to tw ("(lIIhN:d ",i,h lhe \(;Ihicm or
\lohk.Ul, q\. The \Inlu-g:an..occupied a ..lft.'teh ofthe 1l10l1Tlt'" ri\'t"fin
CtlltIlI'ninn,and ",ert' probahlyonct' Ont' lX'tlplt'" ",ith till" 1""fIUol until
a 'Io("lti..m dllt, to t'nmil~ Ix'!\n't'li rival ("hit'fs. S;I.......CU' till' Pequol and
Unca"lhe \Iohegan, l'n,as g,tH'a.ssist;mH' 10Iht' Enl{lish Undt'f \Iason
and Underhill whell they dt':lotroyt'd lht' I'ctluot rort 11I';\1' \Iy"lic,
Conllt·t·lin lt ill 16:l7. Although SOIllC' 01" the \lohe~lII~ joined the
• St-atiC<ltIKand Brtll]II'rltlll 11Illian, in Ill<' IHtil rrJltury, <I lItlllllwr ha\t:"
H"1ll<liIWtlin llwir uhlhallll\'sdOWll lo thl"pn'''''ll\ timt'"oTodayI!Wrt' aI''''
