Inclusive Radio Communications for 5G and Beyond

390 Pages·2021·27.302 MB·English

by  Claude Oestges (editor), François Quitin (editor)

Inclusive Radio
Communications for
5G and Beyond

Inclusive Radio
Communications for
5G and Beyond
Edited by
Claude Oestges
ICTEAM - Electrical Engineering
School of Engineering - Ecole Polytechnique de Louvain
Université catholique de Louvain
Louvain, Belgium
François Quitin
Brussels School of Engineering
Université libre de Bruxelles
Brussels, Belgium
ThispublicationisbaseduponworkfromCOSTActionCA15104(IRACON),sup-
portedbyCOST(EuropeanCooperationinScienceandTechnology).
COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is a funding agency for
researchandinnovationnetworks.ThegoalofCOSTistohelpconnectresearchini-
tiativesacrossEuropeandenablescientiststogrowtheirideasbysharingthemwith
their peers. See www.cost.eu for more information. The research project CA15104
(IRACON)onwhichthisbookisbasedwasfundedbytheHorizon2020Framework
ProgrammeoftheEuropeanUnion.
www.cost.eu
FundedbytheHorizon2020FrameworkProgramme
oftheEuropeanUnion
Copyright©2021ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyright,andthe
followingtermsandconditionsapplytotheiruseinadditiontothetermsofanyCreativeCommons
(CC)orotheruserlicensethathasbeenappliedbythepublishertoanindividualchapter:
Photocopying:Singlephotocopiesofsinglechaptersmaybemadeforpersonaluseasallowedby
nationalcopyrightlaws.Permissionisnotrequiredforphotocopyingofchapterspublishedunderthe
CCBYlicensenorforphotocopyingfornon-commercialpurposesinaccordancewithanyotheruser
licenseappliedbythepublisher.Permissionofthepublisherandpaymentofafeeisrequiredforall
otherphotocopying,includingmultipleorsystematiccopying,copyingforadvertisingorpromotional
purposes,resale,andallformsofdocumentdelivery.Specialratesareavailableforeducational
institutionsthatwishtomakephotocopiesfornon-profiteducationalclassroomuse.
Derivativeworks:Usersmayreproducetablesofcontentsorpreparelistsofchaptersincludingabstracts
forinternalcirculationwithintheirinstitutionsorcompanies.Otherthanforchapterspublishedunder
theCCBYlicense,permissionofthepublisherisrequiredforresaleordistributionoutsidethe
subscribinginstitutionorcompany.Foranysubscribedchaptersorchapterspublishedundera
CCBY-NC-NDlicense,permissionofthepublisherisrequiredforallotherderivativeworks,including
compilationsandtranslations.
Storageorusage:Exceptasoutlinedaboveorassetoutintherelevantuserlicense,nopartofthis
publicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,
electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpriorwrittenpermissionofthe
publisher.
Permissions:Forinformationonhowtoseekpermissionvisitwww.elsevier.com/permissionsorcall:
([phone]x3808.
Authorrights:Authorsmayhaveadditionalrightsintheirchaptersassetoutintheiragreementwith
thepublisher(moreinformationathttp://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights).
Notice:Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein
evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compoundsorexperimentsdescribedherein.Because
ofrapidadvancesinthemedicalsciences,inparticular,independentverificationofdiagnosesanddrug
dosagesshouldbemade.Tothefullestextentofthelaw,noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisher
foranyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceor
otherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedin
thematerialherein.Althoughalladvertisingmaterialisexpectedtoconformtoethical(medical)
standards,inclusioninthispublicationdoesnotconstituteaguaranteeorendorsementofthequality
orvalueofsuchproductoroftheclaimsmadeofitbyitsmanufacturer.
Publisher:MaraConner
AcquisitionsEditor:TimPitts
EditorialProjectManager:NaomiRobertson
ProductionProjectManager:PaulPrasadChandramohan
Designer:MatthewLimbert
TypesetbyVTeX
Contents
Listofcontributors ............................................. xi
CHAPTER 1 Introduction .................................. 1
Claude Oestges and François Quitin
1.1 Technologytrendsandchallenges .................... 1
1.2 Scopeofthebook ................................ 3
CHAPTER 2 Radio propagation modeling methods and tools .. 7
Katsuyuki Haneda, Richard Rudd, Enrico Vitucci,
Danping He, Pekka Kyösti, Fredrik Tufvesson,
Sana Salous, Yang Miao, Wout Joseph, and
Emmeric Tanghe
2.1 Propagationenvironments .......................... 8
2.1.1 Introduction ............................... 8
2.1.2 Outdoorenvironment ........................ 8
2.1.3 Indoorenvironment ......................... 10
2.1.4 Outdoor-to-indoorenvironment ................ 10
2.1.5 Trainandothervehicularenvironments .......... 11
2.1.6 Body-centricenvironments.................... 12
2.2 Channelmodelclassification........................ 13
2.2.1 Site-specificchannelmodels .................. 13
2.2.2 Geometry-basedstochasticchannelmodels(GSCM) 25
2.2.3 EnhancedCOST2100model .................. 30
2.2.4 ReferenceITU-Rpathlossmodels .............. 33
2.2.5 Modelsfordensemultipathcomponents .......... 38
2.3 Algorithmsforestimationofradiochannelparameters .... 43
2.3.1 Narrowbandmultipathcomponentestimation ...... 43
2.3.2 Widebandmultipathcomponentestimation ....... 45
2.3.3 Multipathcomponentclustering ................ 46
2.3.4 Large-scaleparameterestimationwithlimited
dynamicrange ............................. 48
CHAPTER 3 IRACON channel measurements and models ..... 49
Sana Salous, Davy Gaillot,
Jose-Maria Molina-Garcia-Pardo, Ruisi He,
Kentaro Saito, Ke Guan, Marina Barbiroli,
Juan Pascual-Garcia, and Katsuyuki Haneda
3.1 Measurementscenarios ............................ 49
3.1.1 Summary ................................. 49
v
vi Contents
3.2 mm-WaveandTerahertzchannels .................... 55
3.2.1 PathlossandRMSdelayspread ................ 55
3.2.2 Outdoor-to-indoorpropagation ................. 62
3.2.3 Cross-polardiscrimination,clustering,andmassive
MIMO ................................... 65
3.2.4 Millimeter-WaveandTerahertzchannelsimulations . 74
3.2.5 Othereffects .............................. 77
3.3 MIMOandmassiveMIMOchannels ................. 83
3.3.1 MIMOchannelmeasurementandanalysis ........ 83
3.3.2 Wirelesssimulationtechniques................. 86
3.3.3 Antennadevelopment........................ 87
3.3.4 Electro-magneticcompatibilityanalysis .......... 88
3.3.5 MassiveMIMOsystemevaluation .............. 88
3.4 Fasttime-varyingchannels ......................... 90
3.4.1 ChannelcharacterizationofV2Xscenarios........ 92
3.4.2 COST-IRACONV2Vchannelmodelforurban
intersections............................... 95
3.4.3 Widebandpropagationinrailwayscenarios ....... 97
3.4.4 NewparadigmforrealizingrealisticHSTchannelsin
the5GmmWaveband ....................... 101
3.5 Electricalpropertiesofmaterials ..................... 104
3.5.1 Transmissionlossabove6GHz ................ 104
3.5.2 Materialproperties .......................... 104
CHAPTER 4 Over-the-Air testing ........................... 107
Wim Kotterman, Moray Rumney, and Pekka Kyösti
4.1 Introduction .................................... 107
4.2 Fieldemulationforelectricallylargetestobjects ......... 108
4.2.1 SectoredMPAC ............................ 109
4.2.2 Othermethods ............................. 112
4.3 EmulationofmmWavechannels ..................... 112
4.4 Extendingthepresentframework .................... 116
4.4.1 Complexityreductionforfieldemulations ........ 116
4.4.2 Testingspecificperformanceparameters.......... 116
4.4.3 Emulatinghumaninfluence ................... 118
4.4.4 Testbeds,additionalequipment................. 118
4.5 Concludingremarks .............................. 119
CHAPTER 5 Coding and processing for advanced wireless
networks ..................................... 121
Jan Sykora, Andreas Czylwik, Laurent Clavier, and
Alister Burr
Introduction .................................... 121
5.1 Advancedwaveforms,coding,andsignalprocessing ...... 121
Contents vii
5.1.1 Modelsandbounds ......................... 121
5.1.2 Pre-codingandbeamforming ................. 126
5.1.3 Channelestimationandsynchronization .......... 126
5.1.4 Newwaveforms ............................ 127
5.2 DistributedandcooperativePHYprocessinginwireless
networks....................................... 128
5.2.1 Cooperativerelaying ........................ 128
5.2.2 Wirelessphysical-layernetworkcoding .......... 130
5.2.3 Distributedcooperativeaccessnetworks .......... 131
5.2.4 Distributedsensing.......................... 132
5.3 MassiveMIMO ................................. 133
5.3.1 ProcessingandcodingforMassiveMIMO ........ 133
5.3.2 PerformanceevaluationandmodelingforMassive
MIMO ................................... 135
5.4 Full-duplexcommunicationsandHWimplementationdriven
solutions ....................................... 137
5.4.1 Full-duplexcommunications .................. 137
5.4.2 HWspecificmodelsandimplementations ........ 138
CHAPTER 6 5G and beyond networks ....................... 141
Silvia Ruiz, Hamed Ahmadi, Gordana Gardaševic´,
Yoram Haddad, Konstantinos Katzis, Paolo Grazioso,
Valeria Petrini, Arie Reichman, M. Kemal Ozdemir,
Fernando Velez, Rui Paulo, Sergio Fortes,
Luis M. Correia, Behnam Rouzbehani,
Mojgan Barahman, Margot Deruyck, Silvia Mignardi,
Karim Nasr, and Haibin Zhang
6.1 Introduction .................................... 141
6.2 Ad-hocandV2Vnetworks ......................... 142
6.2.1 Predictionandreliability ..................... 143
6.2.2 Networksimulation/emulationplatforms ......... 145
6.2.3 Energyharvesting .......................... 146
6.2.4 Measurementsforspecificapplications........... 147
6.3 Spectrummanagementandsharing ................... 147
6.3.1 IoT/machinetypecommunications .............. 147
6.3.2 Coexistenceandsharing ...................... 149
6.3.3 Fieldmonitoring ........................... 154
6.3.4 Virtualizednetworks ........................ 155
6.4 Radioresourcemanagementandscheduling ............ 156
6.4.1 Resourceallocationinwirelessmeshnetworks ..... 158
6.4.2 RRMforD2Dscenario ...................... 159
6.4.3 RRMviafrequencyreuse ..................... 160
6.4.4 PCAforhighercapacity ...................... 162
6.4.5 ResourceallocationandsharingforHetNets....... 163
viii Contents
6.4.6 ARRMtool ............................... 164
6.5 Heterogeneousnetworksandultradensenetworks ....... 164
6.5.1 Scenariosandcapacityevaluationforsmallcell
heterogeneousnetworks ...................... 164
6.5.2 Systemlevelevaluationofdynamicbasestation
clusteringforcoordinatedmulti-point............ 165
6.5.3 Comparisonofthesystemcapacitybetweenthe
UHF/SHFbandsandmillimeterwavebands ....... 165
6.5.4 Cost/revenuetrade-offinsmallcellnetworksinthe
millimeterwavebands ....................... 168
6.5.5 Effectsofhyper-densesmall-cellnetwork
deploymentsonarealisticurbanenvironment...... 169
6.5.6 Advancedmanagementandserviceprovisionfor
ultradensenetworks......................... 169
6.5.7 IPmobilityandSDN ........................ 172
6.5.8 Digitalgeographicaldataandradiopropagation
modelsenhancementformmWavesimulation ..... 173
6.6 C-RAN........................................ 175
6.6.1 ResourcemanagementinC-RAN ............... 175
6.6.2 C-RANdeployment ......................... 176
6.7 SDNandNFV .................................. 179
6.7.1 Virtualradioresourcemanagementmodel ........ 179
6.7.2 AnalysisofVRRMresults .................... 180
6.8 UAVsandflyingplatforms ......................... 181
6.8.1 UAVtrajectorydesignandradioresource
management .............................. 181
6.8.2 UAV-aidednetworkplanningandperformance ..... 182
6.9 Emergingservicesandapplications ................... 185
6.9.1 Smartgrids ............................... 185
6.9.2 Vehicularapplications ....................... 185
6.9.3 Publicprotectionanddisasterreliefsystems ....... 186
CHAPTER 7 IoT protocols, architectures, and applications ... 187
ChiaraBuratti,ErikStröm,LucaFeltrin,LaurentClavier,
Gordana Gardaševic´, Thomas Blazek, Lazar Berbakov,
Titus Constantin Balan, Luis Orozco-Barbosa,
Carles Anton-Haro, Piotr Rajchowski, and Haibin Zhang
7.1 Lowpowerwideareanetworks ...................... 188
7.1.1 LoRaWAN ................................ 188
7.1.2 NB-IoT .................................. 191
7.2 MACandroutingprotocolsforIoT ................... 193
7.2.1 6TiSCHprotocolstack ....................... 194
7.2.2 Jointschedulingandroutingprotocols ........... 195
7.2.3 Routingprotocolsandcongestioncontrol ......... 196
Contents ix
7.3 Vehicularcommunications ......................... 198
7.3.1 Antennadesignandintegration ................ 199
7.3.2 Highmobilityperformanceanalysisandmodeling .. 201
7.4 Energyefficient/constrainedsolutionsforIoT ........... 205
7.4.1 EnergyefficiencyinIoT ...................... 205
7.4.2 Energyharvestingaspects .................... 207
7.5 SDNandNFVforIoT ............................ 211
7.5.1 Software-definedIoTnetworks................. 211
7.5.2 IntegratingdifferentIoTtechnologies ............ 213
7.5.3 VirtualizationofIoT ........................ 215
7.6 SpecialapplicationsofIoT ......................... 217
7.7 Conclusions .................................... 220
CHAPTER 8 IoT for healthcare applications ................. 221
Kamran Sayrafian, Sławomir J. Ambroziak,
Dragana Bajic, Lazar Berbakov, Luis M. Correia,
Krzysztof K. Cwalina, Concepcion Garcia-Pardo,
Gordana Gardaševic´, Konstantinos Katzis,
Pawel Kulakowski, and Kenan Turbic
8.1 WearableandimplantableIoT-healthtechnology ........ 222
8.1.1 Channelmeasurementandmodeling:
On-body-to-off-body ........................ 222
8.1.2 Channelmeasurementandmodeling:
On-body-to-on-body ........................ 231
8.1.3 Channelmeasurementandmodeling:
In-body-to-on-bodyandin-body-to-off-body ...... 232
8.1.4 HumanbodyphantomsandSARmeasurement..... 233
8.2 IoT-healthnetworkingandapplications................ 240
8.2.1 Networkingandarchitectures .................. 241
8.2.2 Applications .............................. 244
8.3 Nanocommunications ............................. 249
8.3.1 Nanocommunicationmechanisms .............. 249
8.3.2 Interfacewithmicro-andmacro-scalenetworks .... 251
CHAPTER 9 Localization and tracking ...................... 253
Klaus Witrisal, Carles Anton-Haro, Stefan Grebien,
Wout Joseph, Erik Leitinger, Xuhong Li,
José A. Del Peral-Rosado, David Plets, Jordi Vilà-Valls,
and Thomas Wilding
9.1 Introduction .................................... 254
9.1.1 Newapplicationscenarios,userrequirements ...... 254
9.1.2 Technicalchallenges ........................ 256
9.1.3 Expectedfeaturesandlimitationsof5Gandcurrent
IoTtechnologies:Impactinpositioning .......... 257