In Memory of Akira Tonomura : Physicist and Electron Microscopist

328 Pages·2014·27.03 MB·English

by  Kazuo Fujikawa

In Memory of
Akira Tonomura
Physicist and Electron Microscopist
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In Memory of
Akira Tonomura
Physicist and Electron Microscopist
Editors
Kazuo Fujikawa
Nishina Center
RIKEN, Japan
Yoshimasa A Ono
FIRST Tonomura Project
Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
World Scientific
NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI
8777hc_9789814472883_tp.indd 2 8/11/13 3:16 pm
Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
IN MEMORY OF AKIRA TONOMURA
Physicist and Electron Microscopist
(With DVD-ROM)
Copyright © 2014 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written
permission from the publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher.
ISBN 978-981-4472-88-3
ISBN 978-981-4472-89-0 (pbk)
Printed in Singapore
Preface
This memorial book in honor of Dr. Akira Tonomura, experimental physicist and electron
microscopist, is to commemorate his enormous contributions to fundamental physics in
addition to the basic technology of electron microscopy. Dr. Tonomura passed away on
May 2, 2012 at the age of 70 during the course of a medical treatment on pancreatic
cancer. He was Fellow of Hitachi, Ltd., Group Director of Single Quantum Dynamics
Group of RIKEN, and Professor of Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology
Graduate University.
The book consists of contributions from distinguished physicists who participated in
international conferences planned by Tonomura himself and reprints of key papers by
Tonomura and his team. In particular, representative invited speakers at the Memorial
Symposium held in Tokyo on May 9-10, 2012, “Tonomura FIRST International
Symposium on Electron Microscopy and Gauge Fields,” includes Chen Ning Yang and
other distinguished physicists such as Yakir Aharonov, Gordon Baym, Christian Colliex,
Anthony J. Leggett, Naoto Nagaosa, Nobuyuki Osakabe, Masahito Ueda, and Yimei Zhu.
This Symposium was originally planned to commemorate the start of the FIRST
Tonomura Project to construct the 1.2 MV holography electron microscope, his longtime
dream of the ultimate electron microscope, capable of observing quantum phenomena in
the microscopic world. Here FIRST stands for “Funding Program for World-leading
Innovative R&D on Science and Technology” sponsored by the Japanese government.
Other contributions are from participants of the past ISQM-Tokyo symposia held at
Hitachi, International Symposium on Foundations of Quantum Mechanics in the Light of
New Technology, including Hidetoshi Fukuyama, Joseph Imry, Yoshinori Tokura, Jaw-
Shen Tsai, and Anton Zeilinger, in addition to Tonomura’s longtime friends such as
Michael Berry and Jerome Friedman.
Dr. Tonomura made outstanding contributions to the development of fundamental
quantum physics, and its application to technology such as superconductors and
magnetism. He developed his own techniques of electron holography and coherent-beam
Lorentz microscopy in order to precisely detect the phase information of electron beams
and directly image quantum objects. For more than four decades, Tonomura developed
bright and monochromatic field-emission electron beams for electron microscopes and
applied them to the development of electron holography and coherent-beam Lorentz
microscopy. He used his methods to clarify the fundamental questions of quantum
mechanics and to observe hitherto-unobservable quantum objects. He demonstrated the
v
vi Preface
Aharonov-Bohm effect decisively and brought to light how the wave-particle duality of
electrons is realized in Nature. Recently he applied these methods extensively to make
visible microscopic structures of matter that had been so far inaccessible, including the
space-time behavior of the quanta (so-called vortices) of magnetic flux lines in both
metal and high-temperature superconductors, and magnetic behavior of spintronics
materials, such as magnetic recording media and heads.
We have always been impressed by Dr. Tonomura’s youthful enthusiasm for new
sciences, which he pursued until the end of his life. All of us who have known him well
will deeply miss him.
The book is edited by Kazuo Fujikawa of RIKEN, Tonomura’s longtime friend from
college, and Yoshimasa A. Ono of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tonomura’s
associate at the Hitachi Advanced Research Laboratory and now in the FIRST Tonomura
Project. It is indeed our greatest honor to edit this book in memory of Dr. Tonomura and
we would like to share Dr. Tonomura’s amazing achievements with readers of the book.
We would like to thank Ms. Kimi Matsuyama, Tonomura’s secretary, for collecting
the most precious photos with the help of Dr. Tonomura’s family. We are particularly
indebted to Dr. Nobuyuki Osakabe, Tonomura’s longtime collaborator at Hitachi and
presently General Manager of Hitachi Central Research Laboratory, for his guidance and
comments during the preparation of this book. We also would like to thank Professor
Kok Khoo Phua of World Scientific for suggesting the publication of this book.

June 2013 Kazuo Fujikawa
Yoshimasa A. Ono
Contents
Preface v
Photograph Collection of Akira Tonomura xi
My Dream of Ultimate Holography Electron Microscope
Akira Tonomura 1
Biography of Akira Tonomura (April 1942 – May 2012)
Nobuyuki Osakabe 7
Tonomura FIRST International Symposium on
“Electron Microscopy and Gauge Fields”
Yoshimasa A. Ono 17
Recollections of Akira Tonomura
Thank You and Farewell to Tonomura-kun
Hidetoshi Fukuyama 25
Remembering Akira Tonomura
Michael Berry 30
Akira Tonomura: An Experimental Visionary
Anton Zeilinger 33
Dr. Akira Tonomura: Master of Experimental Physics
Kazuo Fujikawa 36
Gauge Theory and Aharonov-Bohm Effect
Topology and Gauge Theory in Physics
Chen Ning Yang 41
vii
viii Contents
On the Aharonov-Bohm Effect and Why Heisenberg
Captures Nonlocality Better Than Schrödinger
Yakir Aharonov 50
How the Test of Aharonov-Bohm Effect Was Initiated at
Hitachi Laboratory
Nobuyuki Osakabe 62
Some Reflections Concerning Geometrical Phases
Anthony J. Leggett and Yiruo Lin 74
Mesoscopic Aharonov-Bohm Interferometers: Decoherence and
Thermoelectric Transport
Ora Entin-Wohlman, Amnon Aharony, and Yoseph Imry 86
Spin Textures and Gauge Fields in Frustrated Magnets
Naoto Nagaosa and Yoshinori Tokura 102
Gauge Theory and Artificial Spin Ices: Imaging Emergent
Monopoles with Electron Microscopy
Shawn D. Pollard and Yimei Zhu 110
Do Dispersionless Forces Exist?
Herman Batelaan and Scot McGregor 122
Aharonov-Bohm Effect and Geometric Phases — Exact and
Approximate Topology
Kazuo Fujikawa 130
A Brief Overview and Topological Aspects of Gaseous
Bose-Einstein Condensates
Masahito Ueda 136
Application of Electron Microscopy to Quantum Mechanics and
Materials Sciences
Mapping Electric Fields with Inelastic Electrons in a Transmission
Electron Microscope
Christian Colliex 144
Contents ix
“The Picture is My Life”
Shuji Hasegawa 156
Direct Observation of Electronically Phase-Separated Charge Density
Waves in Lu Ir Si by Transmission Electron Microscopy
2 3 5
Cheng-Hsuan Chen 164
Basic Discoveries in Electromagnetic Field Visualization
Daisuke Shindo 172
Nanomagnetism Visualized by Electron Holography
Hyun Soon Park 180
Quantum Physics
Probing the Proton with Electron Microscopy
Jerome I. Friedman 192
Hanbury Brown–Twiss Interferometry with Electrons:
Coulomb vs. Quantum Statistics
Gordon Baym and Kan Shen 201
Vortex Molecules in Thin Films of Layered Superconductors
Alexander I. Buzdin 211
Coherent Quantum Phase Slip
Jaw-Shen Tsai 221
Coherency of Spin Precession in Metallic Lateral Spin Valves
YoshiChika Otani, Hiroshi Idzuchi, and Yasuhiro Fukuma 227
Transverse Relativistic Effects in Paraxial Wave Interference
Konstantin Y. Bliokh, Yana V. Izdebskaya, and Franco Nori 237
Reprints of Akira Tonomura’s Most Important Publications 247
Akira Tonomura’s Books and Major Publications 305
Video Clips of Tonomura’s Experiments 313