Table Of Content"In His Image and Likeness"
In His Image
and Likeness"
POLITICAL ICONOGRAPHY
AND RELIGIOUS CHANGE
IN REGENSBURG, I5OO-16OO
Kristin Eldyss Sorensen Zapalac
Cornell University Press
Ithaca and London
PUBLICATION OF THIS BOOK WAS SUPPORTED BY A GRANT
FROM THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES,
AN INDEPENDENT FEDERAL AGENCY.
Copyright © 1990 by Cornell University
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Cornell University Press, 124 Roberts Place, Ithaca, New York 14850.
First published 1990 by Cornell University Press.
International Standard Book Number 0-8014-2269-8
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 89-71209
Printed in the United States of America
Librarians: Library of Congress cataloging information
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Contents
Figures vii
Preface ' xi
Note on Translations xvii
Prolegomena "In His Image and Likeness": Luther's
Revision of the Augustinian Epistemology i
i Christ among the Councillors: The Iconography of Justice
in the Late-Medieval Rathaus 26
2 God among the Councillors: The Iconography of Justice
after the Reformation 55
3 Widow, Wife, Daughter: The Iconography of Resistance
to the Emperor 92
4 Gottvater, Stadtväter, Hausväter: Paternal Imagery in the
Dialogue between Bürger and Rat 135
Frequently Used Abbreviations 167
Notes 169
Bibliography 251
Index 269
Figures
i. Hans Mielich, Meeting of the Regensburg Rat. Miniature in Regensburg Freiheitsbuch of
1536
2. Anonymous, Meeting of the Regensburg Rat. Miniature commemorating foundation of
Dreieinigkeitskirche, 1627
3. Isaac Schwendtner, Das gute Regiment. Panel painted 1592 for Regensburg Rathaus
4. Anonymous Hamburg artist, Courtroom Scene. Miniature, c. 1497
5. Anonymous, Mary Defends Humankind before Christ. Woodcut for Tengler, Der neü
Layenspiegel, 1511
6. Anonymous, Mary Defends Humankind before Christ. Woodcut for Tengler, Layen spiegel,
1510
7. Bruder Swicher (?), Self-portrait with Psychostasis. Miniature in Etymologiae, c. 1150
8. Anonymous, Armseelenaltar for Regensburg Alte Kapelle. Carved and painted triptych,
c. 1488
9. Anonymous, Adam and Eve before Christ with Balance. Woodcut for Tengler, Der neü
Layenspiegel, 1511
10. Anonymous, Adam and Eve before Christ with Balance. Woodcut for Tengler, Layen spiegel,
1510
11. Derick Baegert, Oath-taking in Courtroom. Painted panel, 1493/1494
12. Anonymous, Oath-taking with Devil and Angel. Woodcut for Tengler, Der neü Layen
spiegel, 1511
13. Anonymous, Oath-taking with Devil and Angel. Woodcut for Tengler, Layen spiegel, 1510
14. Anonymous seventeenth-century copyist, Courtroom Scene with Last Judgment and Por
trait of Niclas Strobel. Seventeenth-century copy of painted panel executed c. 1478
15. Anonymous, Courtroom Scene with Last Judgment. Woodcut for Tengler, Der neü Layen
spiegel, 1511
16. Anonymous, Courtroom Scene with Last Judgment. Woodcut for Tengler, Layen spiegel,
1510
17. Wills referring to Last Judgment as percentage of extant wills, Regensburg, 1500-1600
viii FIGURES
18. Anonymous, Last Judgment. Woodcut for Johann von Schwartzenberg, Bambergische
Halßgerichts und Rechtlich Ordnung, 1508
19. Wolf Traut, The Rosary of the Virgin. Woodcut, c. 1510
20. Anonymous, Last Judgment with Maria Mediatrix. Central panel of Armseelenaltar for Alte
Kapelle. Regensburg, c. 1488
21. Anonymous, God the Father Distributes Bread of Life. Woodcut for Matthias Flacius
Illyricus, “Eine Christliche Figur vnd Erklerung," 1561
22. Michael Ostendorfer, Distribution of Manna. Detail of design for a tabernacle. Upper
block of two-block woodcut, 1521
23. Lucas Cranach the Elder, Bonaventura’s Ladder to Heaven. Single-sheet woodcut, c. 1513
24. Anonymous, Vision of St. Birgitta. Woodcut for Birgitta, Buch der Welt, 1481
25. Anonymous, Deposition from the Cross. Detail of Austrian processional cross, 1320-1330
26. Albrecht Dürer, Notgottes. Woodcut, 1511
27. Hans Schäufelein, Notgottes. Woodcut for Taschen büchlin Ausz ainem closter in dem Riess,
1514
28. Invocations of God and saints as percentage of extant wills, Regensburg, 1500-1600
29. Jacob Lucius, Pardoning of Adam and Eve according to St. Bernard. Woodcut, 1556
30. Albrecht Dürer, Sancta Justicia. Woodcut for Reformation der Stat Nüremberg, 1522
31. Anonymous, Gottvater and Governor with Musicians. Woodcut for Tengler, Layenspiegel,
1550
32. Hans Burgkmair, Gotvatter and Plague Saints. Woodcut for Ain Patr noster zu beten, 1521
33. Lucas Cranach the Younger, The Choice between the True Faith and False Idolatry. Woodcut,
c. 1545
34. Lucas Cranach the Younger, Baptism of Christ with Luther and Friedrich the Wise. Wood
cut, c. 1548
35. Jacob Lucius, Baptism of Christ before Wittenberg with Martin Luther and Johann Friedrich.
Woodcut, c. 1550
36. Michael Ostendorfer, View of Regensburg with God the Father. Woodcut, 1553
37. MS Master, Allegory of Good Government. Woodcut for Der Stat Nurnberg verneute Refor
mation, 1564
38. Regensburg Rathaus in the sixteenth century. Partial floor plan
39. Johann Bocksberger the Younger, Allegory of Good Government and Judgment of Solomon.
Sketches for Regensburg Rathaus frescoes, 1564-1573
40. Anonymous Regensburger, Regensburg Arms Held by Griffin. Tempera sketch facing title
page of Regensburger Ratsbibliothek copy of Reformation der Stat Nuremberg, 1522
41. Michael Ostendorfer, Kapelle zur Schönen Maria. Woodcut, 1519
42. Anonymous, Saved Enter Paradise. Painted wooden wing from altar for a Regensburg
church, c. 1480
43. Workshop of Albrecht Altdorfer, Angel with Regensburg Arms. Woodcut, c. 1530
44. Anonymous, Der Bapstesel zu Rom. Woodcut for Philipp Melanchthon and Martin
Luther, "Bapstesels zu Rom und Munchkalbs zu freyberg," 1523
45. Erhard Schön, Worms with Papal Banners. Woodcut for Hans Sachs, Eyn wunderliche
Weyssagung von dem Babstum, 1527
46. Master BP, Satire on the Papal Arms. Woodcut, c. 1538
47. Title page to "Warhafftiger Bericht eines Erbern Camerers und Rats der Stat Regens
burg, Warumb und auswas Ursachen sie des herrn Abentmal," 1542
48. Anonymous, Binding stamp with Regensburg arms used on Concordantiae maiores
sacrae bibliae, 1531
FIGURES ix
49a. Anonymous, Binding stamp with city arms used on books bound for Regensburg
Ratsbibliothek, 1540S-1560S
49b. Anonymous, Binding stamps with city and imperial arms used on books bound for
Regensburg Ratsbibliothek, 1560S-1600
50. IH Master, Reformer roll of 1539
51. IH Master, Virtue roll of 1546
52. Albrecht Dürer, Philipp Melanchthon. Engraving, 1526
53. Albrecht Altdorfer, Martin Luther. Engraved medallion portrait after Cranach the Elder
54. Anonymous German, Johann Hus centenary medallion, sixteenth century
55. Anonymous member of Regensburg school, Heinrich II. Miniature from Gospel Book of
Heinrich II, c. 1014-1024
56. Anonymous member of Regensburg school, Vices and Virtues of Governors. Pen draw
ings in Glossary of Bishop Salomo of Konstanz, 1165
57. Hans Sebald Beham, Lucretia with Column. Engraving, c. 1530(7)
58. Michael Ostendorfer, Lucretia. Painted panel, 1530
59. Hans Schäufelein, Lucretia. Woodcut for Johann von Schwartzenberg, Memorial der
Tugent, 1534
60. Wolf Traut, Man of Sorrows and Mater Dolorosa. Woodcut for Sebastian Brant, "Queru
losa Christi consolatio: ad dolorosam virginis Marie compassionem," 1512
61. Anonymous, Augustine's Heart Pierced by Arrows of Caritas. Woodcut for Augustine,
Sermones de Tempore, 1494
62. Johann the Younger and Melchior Bocksberger, Sketches for Regensburg Rathaus
frescoes, 1564-1573
63. Wills apostrophizing Rat as percentage of all wills, Regensburg, 1490-1600
64. Wills and decrees imaging Rat as "Obrigkeit" as percentage of all wills and decrees,
Regensburg, 1510-1600
65. Anonymous, God as Protector and Eternal Wisdom. Woodcut for Heinrich Suso, buch
genant der Seusse, 1482
66. Hans Schäufelein, God as Protector and Eternal Wisdom. Woodcut for Heinrich Suso, Diss
buch das da gedicht, 1512
67. Decrees imaging Rat as "Obrigkeit" vs. "Vater" as percentage of all decrees, Regens
burg, 1520-1600
68. Wills and decrees imaging Rat as "Father" as percentage of all wills and decrees,
Regensburg, 1542-1600
69. Wills criticizing or praising children as percentage of all wills referring to offspring,
Regensburg, 1500-1600
70. Family situation and gender of testator of Regensburg wills with complaints of disobe
dient children, 1500-1600
71. Family status of testator with offspring reported in Regensburg wills, 1500-1600
72. Marital status of testators of wills restricting children's inheritance as percentage of all
Regensburg wills, 1500-1600
73. Testators unmarried at time will written as percentage of all Regensburg testators,
1500-1600
