Improving Farmed Fish Quality and Safety

612 Pages·2008·5.57 MB·English

by  O. Lie

Improving farmed fish
quality and safety
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Improving farmed fish
quality and safety
Edited by
Øyvind Lie
Published byWoodhead PublishingLimited, AbingtonHall, GrantaPark,
Great Abington,CambridgeCB21 6AH, England
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Contents
Contributor contact details ............................................. xiii
Preface ................................................................. xix
Part I Chemical contaminants, chemical use in aquaculture and
farmed fish safety
1 The risks and benefits of consumption of farmed fish .......... 3
J. Tuomisto, KTL National Public Health Institute, Finland and
L. Frøyland, National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research
(NIFES), Norway
1.1 Introduction: the human health implications of consumption
of farmed fish ................................................ 3
1.2 Nutrients in fish and other seafood .......................... 3
1.3 Methods to assess the human health implications of fish
consumption ................................................. 6
1.4 Fish consumption, cardiovascular mortality and morbidity ... 8
1.5 Fish consumption, stroke and Alzheimer’s disease ........... 12
1.6 Omega-3 fatty acids and psychiatric disorders ............... 13
1.7 Effect of fish consumption and omega-3 fatty acids on the
development of the nervous system .......................... 13
1.8 Cancer ....................................................... 15
1.9 Health risks from methyl mercury intake through fish
consumption ................................................. 15
1.10 Risks of persistent organic pollutants ........................ 19
vi Contents
1.11 Risks and benefits of fish consumption ...................... 23
1.12 Future trends ................................................. 26
1.13 Sources of further information and advice ................... 26
1.14 References ................................................... 27
2 Environmental contaminants in farmed fish and potential
consequences for seafood safety ................................. 39
M.H.G.BerntssenandA.-K.Lundebye,National Institute ofNutrition
and Seafood Research (NIFES), Norway
2.1 Introduction .................................................. 39
2.2 Environmental contaminants and marine feed ingredients .... 40
2.3 Organic contaminants ........................................ 41
2.4 Metals ....................................................... 49
2.5 Carry-over of environmental contaminants to farmed fish ... 54
2.6 Reducing the level of environmental contaminants to farmed
fish ........................................................... 60
2.7 Future trends ................................................. 63
2.8 Sources of further information and advice ................... 63
2.9 References ................................................... 64
3 Pesticide contamination in farmed fish: assessing risks and
reducing contamination .......................................... 71
D. C. Little, G. K. Milwain and C. Price, University of Stirling,
Scotland
3.1 Introduction .................................................. 71
3.2 Trends in pesticide use in fish farming and in the vicinity of
fish farms .................................................... 72
3.3 Risks to human health of pesticides in aquaculture products . 78
3.4 Detecting pesticide residues in farmed fish .................. 81
3.5 Controlling pesticide use in aquaculture ..................... 85
3.6 Pesticides in fish feeds ....................................... 89
3.7 Future trends ................................................. 91
3.8 Sources of further information and advice ................... 91
3.9 References and further reading ............................... 91
4 Veterinary drug use in aquaculture ............................. 97
B. T. Lunestad, National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research
(NIFES), Norway and O. Samuelsen, Institute of Marine Research,
Norway
4.1 Introduction .................................................. 97
4.2 Commonly-used veterinary drugs and routes of
administration ................................................ 98
4.3 Drugs used in aquaculture: antibacterial agents .............. 99
4.4 Antiparasitic agents .......................................... 106
4.5 Anaesthetic agents ........................................... 112
Contents vii
4.6 Antifungal agents ............................................ 114
4.7 Trends in drug use in aquaculture ............................ 115
4.8 Future trends ................................................. 122
4.9 Sources of further information and advice ................... 122
4.10 References ................................................... 122
5 Assessing the human health implications of new veterinary
drugs used in fish farming ....................................... 128
R. Reimschuessel, US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), USA
5.1 Introduction .................................................. 128
5.2 The regulation of veterinary drug use ........................ 129
5.3 Measuring drug residues in foods ............................ 129
5.4 Withdrawal times versus drug half-lives ..................... 132
5.5 What is unique about using veterinary drugs in fish? ........ 133
5.6 Pharmacokinetics data and fish drug withdrawal times ...... 138
5.7 Regulations and exemptions ................................. 140
5.8 Human health concerns ...................................... 142
5.9 References ................................................... 145
6 Antibiotic resistance associated with veterinary drug use in
fish farms ......................................................... 157
H. Sørum, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Norway
6.1 Introduction: veterinary drug use in aquaculture ............. 157
6.2 Current use of antibiotics in fish farming and the extent of
antimicrobial resistance ...................................... 158
6.3 Antimicrobial resistance in fish pathogens within the
aquaculture industry ......................................... 160
6.4 Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio bacteria ...................... 160
6.5 Antibiotic resistance in aeromonads .......................... 162
6.6 Antibiotic resistance in Photobacterium damselae subspecies
piscicida ..................................................... 169
6.7 Antibiotic resistance in enterobacteria ....................... 170
6.8 Transfer of antibiotic resistance between bacteria in fish
farms ......................................................... 172
6.9 Risk of transfer of antibiotic resistance from fish farm
bacteria to human pathogens ................................. 174
6.10 Improving management and monitoring of antibiotic use in
fish farms .................................................... 175
6.11 Future trends ................................................. 176
6.12 References ................................................... 176
7 Improving disease immunity to reduce antibiotic use in
farmed fish ....................................................... 183
Ø. Bergh and A. H. Nerland, Institute of Marine Research, Norway
7.1 Introduction .................................................. 183
7.2 Immunity in fish ............................................. 183
viii Contents
7.3 Developing vaccines ......................................... 185
7.4 Developing feed-based immunostimulants ................... 191
7.5 Impactofprophylaxisonthereductionofantibioticuseinfish . 191
7.6 Implications for farmed fish welfare, safety and quality ..... 193
7.7 The current situation and future trends ....................... 195
7.8 References and further reading ............................... 196
8 Different methods to reduce antibiotic use in farmed fish ...... 199
F. J Gatesoupe, INRA – Ifremer, France
8.1 Introduction .................................................. 199
8.2 The prophylactic approach: hygiene, welfare and feeding .... 200
8.3 Microbial management ....................................... 205
8.4 The therapeutic approach: antimicrobial compounds ......... 212
8.5 Future trends ................................................. 219
8.6 Sources of further information and advice ................... 222
8.7 References ................................................... 223
Part II Improving farmed fish quality
9 Understanding factors affecting flesh quality in farmed fish ... 241
M. Espe, National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research
(NIFES), Norway
9.1 Introduction .................................................. 241
9.2 The structure and nutritional composition of fish muscle .... 242
9.3 The biological basis for growth and development in fish .... 247
9.4 Understanding the effects of environmental parameters on
flesh quality .................................................. 252
9.5 Understanding the effects of genetics on flesh quality ....... 255
9.6 Future trends ................................................. 255
9.7 Sources of further information and advice ................... 256
9.8 References ................................................... 257
10 Improving farmed fish quality by selective breeding ........... 265
T. Gjedrem, Institute of Aquaculture Research, Norway
10.1 Introduction .................................................. 265
10.2 Quality traits to be improved ................................ 266
10.3 Genetic parameters ........................................... 269
10.4 Possibilities for genetic improvement in quality traits ........ 271
10.5 Conclusions .................................................. 273
10.6 References ................................................... 274
11 Alternative lipid sources for fish feed and farmed fish quality . 275
J. G. Bell, University of Stirling, Scotland
11.1 Introduction: why do we require alternative lipid sources for
fish feeds? ................................................... 275
Contents ix
11.2 Role of dietary lipids in fish growth performance ........... 276
11.3 Role of dietary lipids in fish health and welfare ............. 279
11.4 Role of dietary lipids in eating quality ....................... 282
11.5 What are the benefits and risks of using different lipid
sources? ...................................................... 286
11.6 Future trends ................................................. 289
11.7 References ................................................... 291
12 Plant proteins as alternative sources for fish feed and farmed
fish quality ........................................................ 300
S. J. Kaushik, INRA, France and G.-I. Hemre, National Institute of
Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Norway
12.1 Introduction .................................................. 300
12.2 Global fish meal resources and availability .................. 300
12.3 Meeting protein and amino acid requirements in fish ........ 301
12.4 Oilseed meals ................................................ 309
12.5 Reducing anti-nutrients and other undesirable compounds in
alternative protein ingredients ................................ 311
12.6 Development of non-fish meal or low-fish meal diets ....... 313
12.7 Supplementation of fish meal with limiting amino acids ..... 314
12.8 Future trends ................................................. 318
12.9 References ................................................... 319
13 Alternative marine sources of fish feed and farmed fish
quality ............................................................ 328
R. W. Hardy, University of Idaho, USA
13.1 Introduction .................................................. 328
13.2 Fisheries by-catch and seafood processing by-products ...... 329
13.3 Crustacean and shellfish by-products ........................ 335
13.4 Krill ......................................................... 336
13.5 Other alternative marine sources of fish feed ................ 337
13.6 Future trends ................................................. 339
13.7 Sources of further information and advice ................... 340
13.8 References ................................................... 340
14 Tailor-made functional seafood for consumers: dietary
modulation of selenium and taurine in farmed fish ............. 343
J. Luten, Nofima Marine, Norway, E. Schram, Wageningen IMARES,
The Netherlands and E. Elvevoll, University of Tromsø, Norway
14.1 Introduction .................................................. 343
14.2 Nutritional and health-promoting properties of selenium ..... 344
14.3 Nutritional and health-promoting properties of taurine ....... 349
14.4 Dietary modulation of selenium and taurine in farmed fish .. 353
14.5 Future trends of dietary modulation of farmed fish .......... 356
14.6 References ................................................... 357