Improved Forensic Hair Evidence for Drugs of Abuse by Mass Spectrometry

195 Pages·2016·8.91 MB·English

by  Wilco Franciscus Duvivier

Improved Forensic Hair Evidence for Drugs of
Abuse by Mass Spectrometry

Wilco F. Duvivier
Thesis committee

Promotor
Prof. Dr M.W.F. Nielen
Professor of Analytical Chemistry, with special emphasis for the detection of chemical food
contaminants
Wageningen University

Co-promotor
Dr T.A. van Beek
Assistant professor, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
Wageningen University

Other members
Prof. Dr H.A. Schols, Wageningen University
Prof. Dr R.M.A. Heeren, Maastricht University
Prof. Dr A.C. van Asten, University of Amsterdam
Dr F. Drijfhout, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom

This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School VLAG (Advanced studies
in Food Technology, Agrobiotechnology, Nutrition and Health Sciences).
Improved Forensic Hair Evidence for Drugs of
Abuse by Mass Spectrometry

Wilco F. Duvivier

Thesis
submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor
at Wageningen University
by the authority of the Rector Magnificus
Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol,
in the presence of the
Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board
to be defended in public
on Tuesday 5 July 2016
at 4 p.m. in the Aula.
Wilco F. Duvivier
Improved Forensic Hair Evidence for Drugs of Abuse by Mass Spectrometry
194 pages.

PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2016)
With references, with summaries in English and Dutch

ISBN 978-94-6257-815-9
DOI 10.18174/381180
Table of contents
List of abbreviations 7
Chapter 1: General Introduction 9
Chapter 2: Evidence Based Decontamination Protocols for the Removal of 33
External Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol from Contaminated Hair
Chapter 3: Rapid Analysis of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Hair using Direct 63
Analysis in Real Time Ambient Ionization Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry
Chapter 4: (Un)targeted Scanning of Locks of Hair for Drugs of Abuse by 83
Direct Analysis in Real Time − High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
Chapter 5: Critical Comparison of Mass Analyzers for Forensic Hair 115
Analysis by Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Chapter 6: Ultratrace LC–MS/MS Analysis of Segmented Calf Hair for 139
Retrospective Assessment of Time of Clenbuterol Administration in
Agriforensics
Chapter 7: General Discussion and Future Perspectives 157
Summary 175
Samenvatting 179
Acknowledgments 183
Curriculum Vitae 187
List of Publications 189
Overview of Completed Training Activities 191

List of abbreviations
APCI – atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
APPI – atmospheric pressure photoionization
ASE – accelerated solvent extraction
BZE – benzoylecgonine
CBD – cannabidiol
CBN – cannabinol
CE – capillary electrophoresis
CID – collision-induced dissociation
DAPCI – desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
DART – direct analysis in real time
DCBI – desorption corona beam ionization
DESI – desorption electrospray ionization
EIC – extracted ion chronogram
FWHM – full width at half maximum
GC – gas chromatography
GHB – gamma-hydroxybutyric acid
HCD – higher–energy collisional dissociation
HRMS – high resolution mass spectrometry
LAESI – laser ablation electrospray ionization
LC – liquid chromatography
LLE – liquid-liquid extraction
LOD – limit of detection
LTP – low-temperature plasma
MALDI – matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
MDMA – 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
7
MetA–SIMS – metal assisted-secondary ion mass spectrometry
MMS – matrix-matched standards
MRM – multiple reaction monitoring
MS – mass spectrometry
MS/MS – tandem mass spectrometry
NCE – normalized collision energy
PADI – plasma assisted desorption ionization
PMMA – p-methoxymethylamphetamine
RSD – relative standard deviation
SDS – sodium dodecyl sulfate
SEM – scanning electron microscopy
SFE – supercritical fluid extraction
SoHT – Society of Hair Testing
SPE – solid phase extraction
SRM – selected reaction monitoring
THCA–A – Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid
THC – Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol
THC–COOH – 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol
TIC – total ion current
TLC – thin layer chromatography
TOF – time-of-flight
TWIM – travelling wave ion mobility
U(H)PLC – ultra(high)-performance liquid chromatography
8
Chapter 1

General Introduction

9