Table Of ContentSERIES EDITORS
D. ROLLINSON S. I. HAY
DepartmentofZoology, Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Group
TheNaturalHistoryMuseum, TinbergenBuilding,DepartmentofZoology
London,UK University of Oxford, South Parks Road
[email protected] Oxford,UK
[email protected]
EDITORIAL BOARD
M. G. BASA´N˜EZ R. E. SINDEN
Reader in Parasite Epidemiology, InfectionandImmunitySection,Depart-
Member and Head, Helminth Ecology ment of Biological Sciences, Imperial
Research Group, Department of Infec- College of Science, Technology and
tious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine,London,UK
Medicine, Imperial College London,
Norfolk Place, London, UK
S. BROOKER D. SMITH
Department of Tropical and Infectious EmergingPathogensInstitute,University
Diseases, London School of Hygiene ofFlorida,Gainesville,Florida,USA
and Tropical Medicine, UK and Kenya
Medical Research Institute-Wellcome
Trust Research Programme Nairobi,
Kenya
ROBIN B. GASSER R. C. A. THOMPSON
DepartmentofVeterinaryScience,The Department of Parasitology and
University of Melbourne, Werribee, WHO Collaborating Centre for the
Victoria, Australia Molecular Epidemiology of Parasitic
Infections, School of Veterinary and
N. HALL Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch Univer-
sity,Murdoch,Australia
SchoolofBiologicalSciences,University
ofLiverpool,Liverpool, UK
R. C. OLIVERA X. N. ZHOU
Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou/ Professor and Deputy Director,
CPqRR - A FIOCRUZ em Minas Gerais, NationalInstituteofParasiticDiseases,
Rene Rachou Research Center/CPqRR - Chinese Center for Disease Control
The Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in the and Prevention, Shanghai, People’s
StateofMinasGerais-Brazil,Brazil Republic of China
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CONTRIBUTORS
RobertBergquist
Ingerod,Brastad,Sweden
PaulJ.Brindley
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The
George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of
Columbia,USA
SombatChayabejara
Chairman, Southeast Asian Regional Program Review Group (RPRG),
Suanluang,Bangkok,Thailand
JamesConlan
National Animal Health Centre, Department of Livestock and Fisheries,
MinistryofAgricultureandForestry,LuangprabangRoad,Vientiane,Lao
People’sDemocraticRepublic;WorldHealthOrganizationCollaborating
Centre for the Molecular Epidemiology of Parasitic Infections, School of
VeterinaryandBiomedicalSciences,MurdochUniversity,Murdoch,WA,
Australia
SocheatDuong
National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control,
PhnomPenh,Cambodia
JohnP.Ehrenberg
World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific,
Malaria,Vector-borneandotherParasiticDiseases,Manila,Philippines
NicoleM.Fox
World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific,
Malaria,Vector-borneandotherParasiticDiseases,Manila,Philippines
MackenzieK.Henderson
World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific,
Malaria,Vector-borneandotherParasiticDiseases,Manila,Philippines
xi
xii Contributors
LedaHernandez
Infectious Disease Office, National Center for Disease Prevention and
Control,DepartmentofHealth,Manila,Philippines
PeterJ.Hotez
Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine,
GeorgeWashingtonUniversity;andSabinVaccineInstitute,Washington,
DistrictofColumbia,USA
PewpanM.Intapan
DepartmentofParasitology,FacultyofMedicine,KhonKaenUniversity,
Thailand
SasithornKaewkes
DepartmentofParasitology,FacultyofMedicine,KhonKaenUniversity,
Thailand
TuanLeAnh
World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific,
Malaria,Vector-borneandotherParasiticDiseases,Manila,Philippines
LydiaLeonardo
Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the
Philippines,Manila,Philippines
ShanLv
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and
Public Health Institute, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease
ControlandPrevention,Shanghai,People’sRepublicofChina
WanchaiMaleewong
DepartmentofParasitology,FacultyofMedicine,KhonKaenUniversity,
Thailand
DonaldP.McManus
Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical
Research,Brisbane,Australia
RaymondMendoza
World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific,
Malaria,Vector-borneandotherParasiticDiseases,Manila,Philippines
Contributors xiii
SinuonMuth
National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control,
PhnomPenh,Cambodia
SophieOdermatt-Biays
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and
PublicHealthInstitute,andUniversityofBasel,Basel,Switzerland
PeterOdermatt
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and
PublicHealthInstitute,andUniversityofBasel,Basel,Switzerland
RemigioOlveda
Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM),
Muntinlupa,Manila,Philippines
SamlanePhompida
Centre for Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Vientiane, Lao
People’sDemocraticRepublic
MarthaFernandaPineda
World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific,
Malaria,Vector-borneandotherParasiticDiseases,Manila,Philippines
LibertyG.Reforma
World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific,
Malaria,Vector-borneandotherParasiticDiseases,Manila,Philippines
FadjarSatrija
DepartmentofAnimalDiseasesandVeterinaryPublicHealth,Facultyof
Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Agatis Kampus
IPBDarmaga,Bogor,Indonesia
SomphouSayasone
DepartmentofEpidemiologyandPublicHealth,SwissTropicalandPublic
HealthInstitute,andUniversityofBasel,Basel,Switzerland;andNational
Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People’s
DemocraticRepublic
AlexanderSchratz
World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific,
Malaria,Vector-borneandotherParasiticDiseases,Manila,Philippines
xiv Contributors
BanchobSripa
Tropical Disease Research Laboratory (TDR), Department of Pathology,
FacultyofMedicine,KhonKaenUniversity,Thailand
PeterSteinmann
NationalInstituteofParasiticDiseases,ChineseCenterforDiseaseControl
and Prevention, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; Department of
EpidemiologyandPublicHealth,SwissTropicalandPublicHealthInstitute,
andUniversityofBasel,Basel,Switzerland
MohammadSudomo
Ecology and Health Status Research and Development Centre, National
Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health,
Jakarta,Indonesia
MarcelTanner
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and
PublicHealthInstitute,andUniversityofBasel,Basel,Switzerland
AhSianTee
World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific,
Malaria,Vector-borneandotherParasiticDiseases,Manila,Philippines
L.TommasoCavalli-Sforza
World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific,
Malaria,Vector-borneandotherParasiticDiseases,Manila,Philippines
Ju¨rgUtzinger
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and
PublicHealthInstitute,andUniversityofBasel,Basel,Switzerland
A.LeeWillinghamIII
WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on
NeglectedandOtherParasiticZoonoses,SectionforParasitology,Health
andDevelopment,DepartmentofVeterinaryDiseaseBiology,Facultyof
LifeSciences,UniversityofCopenhagen,FrederiksbergC,Denmark
Hai-WeiWu
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing,
Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China; Center for International
HealthResearch,RhodeIslandHospital,Providence,RhodeIsland,USA
Contributors xv
Wei-PingWu
NationalInstituteofParasiticDiseases,ChineseCenterforDiseaseControl
andPrevention,Shanghai,People’sRepublicofChina
Guo-JingYang
JiangsuInstituteofParasiticDiseases,Wuxi,People’sRepublicofChina
KunYang
JiangsuInstituteofParasiticDiseases,Wuxi,People’sRepublicofChina
YiZhang
NationalInstituteofParasiticDiseases,ChineseCenterforDiseaseControl
andPrevention,Shanghai,People’sRepublicofChina
FengZheng
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease
ControlandPrevention,Shanghai,People’sRepublicofChina
Xiao-NongZhou
NationalInstituteofParasiticDiseases,ChineseCenterforDiseaseControl
andPrevention,Shanghai,People’sRepublicofChina
FOREWORD
Based on the high level of both current research and control activity, we
decided to dedicate two special volumes of Advances in Parasitology to
helminth infections of Southeast Asia. Our aim has been to provide an
authoritative overview of the current situation and most importantly to
identifyareasthatneedgreatereffort.Ourhighlymotivatedguesteditors,
Xiao-Nong Zhou (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center
forDiseaseControlandPrevention,Shanghai,People’sRepublicofChina),
RobertBergquist(Ingerod,Brastad,Sweden),RemigioOlveda(Department
ofHealth,ResearchInstituteofTropicalMedicine,Manila,Philippines)and
Ju¨rg Utzinger (Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss
Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland), have used their
considerableskillsandknowledgetoensurethatthesevolumesprovidean
exceptionalinsightintothecurrentsituation.Bybringingtogetherapanel
of international experts and leaders in research and control, they have
succeededinprovidingacomprehensiveinformationsourceforthisimpor-
tanttopic.Weverymuchhopethatthetwovolumeswillfurtherstimulate
others to participate and help control some of these very debilitating
parasiticinfections.
DAVIDROLLINSONANDSIMONI.HAY
xvii
PREFACE
These two volumes of Advances in Parasitology cover the major parasitic
helminths in Southeast Asia and the People’s Republic of China
(P.R.China).Thereasonsforpublishingthesevolumes,Ibelieve,arethe
remarkable importance of these parasites in almost every country of
the region, and the great progress achieved in the past few decades on
researchandcontrolofthediseasesinsomeofthecountries.
It is well recognised that health bears a critical contribution to the
socialandeconomicwell-beingsofindividualsandcommunities.Numer-
ous examples reveal that poverty and ill-health interact with each other
bothasacauseandasaneffect,whichiswhySoutheastAsiahasbeenone
ofafewmostimportantendemicregionsforthehelminthsandaccounts
foralargeproportionoftheglobaldiseaseburden.
Referredtointhevolumesarehelminthiases,whichareeitherwater-
borne, food-borne, mosquito-borne or soil-transmitted. They have had,
andcontinuetohave,adramaticimpactonthehealthofthepeopleandof
livestock.Thechaptersprovideupdatedinformationondiseaseepidemi-
ology, pathogenesis and control, and they also highlight insights of par-
ticular concern. For instance, the socioeconomically marginalised
population groups in Southeast Asia and southern P.R. China are often
ethnic minorities, whose characteristic cultural, social and behavioural
risk factors are contributory to the prevalence of the diseases. Drug
development, vaccine research and application of geospatial health
techniques are comprehensively reviewed. The health metrics issue in
parasiticinfectionsisalsodiscussed,asthemeasurementofthemorbidity
has long been an unsolved issue due to their chronic, insidious and
frequently asymptomatic features. Application of biotechnology in the
research of genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and metabonomics is
providing extraordinary approaches to a better understanding of the
biology of the helminths and their interactions with their hosts. People
expectfurtherdevelopmentofnoveltoolsforcontrolinterventionsbased
on the ‘‘–omics’’ information. Knowledge gaps are highlighted and
researchneedsaredescribedinanumberofchapters.
Partnershipplaysanessentialroleincombatingthesediseasesregionally
and internationally. The Regional Network on Asian Schistosomiasis and
þ
OtherHelminthZoonoses(RNAS )areexcellentexamplesforestablishing
regional collaboration in research management, capacity building and
possiblecoordinationofcontrolactivitiessuchasintheMekongsubregion.
xix
xx Preface
In the last few years, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the
international community have paid special attention to the neglected
tropical diseases including these helminthiases. Even though the condi-
tionsarestillchallenging,thisisthetimetotakeactionincombatingthese
diseasesbecause we now have the powerful and cost-effective tools and
tested strategies for most of the infections. Furthermore, the socioeco-
nomic development, including poverty alleviation in the poor popula-
tions, is improving access to safe water, better sanitation and housing,
which are conducive to prevent the infections. It is indeed encouraging
thattheneglectedtropicaldiseasesarebackinpolicyfocusafterdecades
ofsubstantialneglect.
As a huge public health problem in P.R. China, lymphatic filariasis
was rampant in most of the populated provinces. Due to the strenuous
efforts over the past five decades, the country has declared the national
eliminationofthediseasewithWHO’scertificationin2008.Therefore,we
have reasons to believe that with a dedicated political commitment and
available resources in all the countries, people will be able to effectively
controlthediseases,ifnoteliminatetheminaforeseeableperiodoftime.
YUSEN-HAI
