Implementing the Paris Agreement

146 Pages·2016·2.7 MB·English

DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES
POLICY DEPARTMENT A: ECONOMIC AND SCIENTIFIC POLICY

Implementing the Paris Agreement –
Issues at Stake in View of the
COP 22 Climate Change Conference
in Marrakesh

STUDY

Abstract
This study summarises the developments leading to the adoption of the Paris
Agreement on climate change in 2015 and provides an overview of its contents.
The further implementation process and the roles of the main Parties and other
stakeholders are discussed, as well as related international developments and the
challenges of the climate change conference in Marrakesh in November 2016.
The study was provided by Policy Department A at the request of the Committee
on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI).

IP/A/ENVI/2016-11 October 2016
PE 587.319 EN
This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on the Environment,
Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI).

AUTHORS

Lorenz MOOSMANN, Umweltbundesamt (Austria)
Henrik NEIER, Umweltbundesamt (Austria)
Nicole MANDL, Umweltbundesamt (Austria)
Klaus RADUNSKY, Umweltbundesamt (Austria)

RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATOR

Tina OHLIGER

EDITORIAL ASSISTANT

Eva ASPLUND

LINGUISTIC VERSIONS

Original: EN

ABOUT THE EDITOR

Policy departments provide in-house and external expertise to support EP committees and
other parliamentary bodies in shaping legislation and exercising democratic scrutiny over EU
internal policies.

To contact Policy Department A or to subscribe to its newsletter please write to:
Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy
European Parliament
B-1047 Brussels
E-mail: [email protected]

Manuscript completed in October 2016
© European Union, 2016

This document is available on the Internet at:
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/supporting-analyses

DISCLAIMER

The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not
necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament.

Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the
source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy.
Implementing the Paris Agreement

CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 7
LIST OF BOXES 14
LIST OF FIGURES 15
LIST OF TABLES 16
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 17
INTRODUCTION 20
1.1. The Paris Agreement and the climate change conference in Marrakesh 20
1.2. Aim of the study 20
1.3. Structure of the document 20
A BRIEF HISTORY OF CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS 22
2.1. The UNFCCC and the Conference of the Parties 22
2.2. The Kyoto Protocol and the Doha Amendment 23
2.3. Towards a new agreement 24
THE COP IN PARIS AND THE PARIS AGREEMENT 27
3.1. The negotiations in Paris 27
3.2. The Paris Agreement at a glance 28
3.2.1. Mitigation 30
3.2.2. Adaptation 32
3.2.3. Loss and damage 32
3.2.4. Finance 33
3.2.5. Technology development and transfer 34
3.2.6. Capacity-building 34
3.2.7. Transparency of action and support 35
3.2.8. Facilitative dialogue and global stocktake 35
3.2.9. Entry into force, meetings and compliance 36
3.2.10. Enhanced action prior to 2020 36
3.2.11. Summary and discussion 37
3.3. Other negotiating strands at the COP in Paris 38
IMPLEMENTING THE PARIS AGREEMENT 42
4.1. Signature and ratification process 43
4.1.1. Signature ceremony 43
4.1.2. Conditions for entering into force 43
4.1.3. Progress of ratification and entry into force 43
4.2. The Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement (APA) 44
4.3. The meeting of the subsidiary bodies in Bonn (SB 44) 44
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4.3.1. Mitigation 45
4.3.2. Adaptation 46
4.3.3. Loss and damage 47
4.3.4. Finance 47
4.3.5. Technology development and transfer 47
4.3.6. Capacity-building 48
4.3.7. Transparency of action and support 48
4.3.8. Facilitative dialogue and global stocktake 49
4.3.9. Enhanced action prior to 2020 50
4.4. Other events in 2016 50
4.4.1. IPCC plenary meeting (April 2016) 50
4.4.2. Informal consultations hosted by France and Morocco (April 2016) 51
4.4.3. UN Special Event on the ratification of the Paris Agreement (September
2016) 51
4.4.4. Informal consultations and Pre-COP (September, October 2016) 51
MAIN PARTIES 52
5.1. China 54
5.1.1. Emission profile 54
5.1.2. Climate policies 54
5.1.3. Implementation of the Paris Agreement 55
5.2. United States of America 56
5.2.1. Emission profile 57
5.2.2. Climate Policies 57
5.2.3. Implementation of the Paris Agreement 58
5.3. European Union 60
5.3.1. Emission profile 60
5.3.2. Climate Policies 61
5.3.3. Implementation of the Paris Agreement 63
5.4. India 65
5.4.1. Emission profile 65
5.4.2. Climate policies 65
5.4.3. Implementation of the Paris Agreement 65
5.5. Russian Federation 66
5.5.1. Emission profile 66
5.5.2. Climate policies 66
5.5.3. Implementation of the Paris Agreement 67
5.6. Japan 67
5.6.1. Emission profile 67
5.6.2. Climate policies 67
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Implementing the Paris Agreement

5.6.3. Implementation of the Paris Agreement 68
5.7. Islamic Republic of Iran 68
5.7.1. Emission profile 68
5.7.2. Climate policies 69
5.7.3. Implementation of the Paris Agreement 69
5.8. Republic of Korea 70
5.8.1. Emission profile 70
5.8.2. Climate policies 70
5.8.3. Implementation of the Paris Agreement 70
5.9. Canada 71
5.9.1. Emission profile 71
5.9.2. Climate policies 71
5.9.3. Implementation of the Paris Agreement 71
5.10. Brazil 72
5.10.1. Emission profile 72
5.10.2. Climate policies 73
5.10.3. Implementation of the Paris Agreement 73
5.11. Other Parties 73
GROUPS OF PARTIES 76
6.1. Group of G-77 and China 76
6.2. Umbrella Group 77
6.3. Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDC) 78
6.4. Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) 78
6.5. African Group 78
6.6. Least Developed Countries (LDC) 79
6.7. Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) 80
6.8. Independent Alliance of Latin America and the Caribbean (AILAC) 80
6.9. Environmental Integrity Group (EIG) 80
6.10. Conclusions on the positions of groups 81
OTHER STAKEHOLDERS 82
7.1. NGOs and local government organisations 82
7.1.1. Environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGO) 83
7.1.2. Research and independent non-governmental organisations (RINGO) 84
7.1.3. Business and industry non-governmental organisations (BINGO) 84
7.1.4. Youth non-governmental organisations (YOUNGO) 84
7.1.5. Indigenous peoples non-governmental organisations (IPO) 84
7.1.6. Local government and municipal authorities (LGMA) 85
7.1.7. Women and gender non-governmental organisations 86
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7.1.8. Trade union non-governmental organisations (TUNGO) 86
7.1.9. Farmers non-governmental organisations 86
7.2. Groups of countries 86
7.2.1. The Group of Seven (G7) 86
7.2.2. The Group of Twenty (G20) 87
7.2.3. The Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate (MEF) 88
7.2.4. Petersberg Climate Dialogue 88
7.3. International organisations 89
7.3.1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 89
7.3.2. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 90
7.3.3. International Maritime Organization (IMO) 90
7.3.4. The World Bank Group 91
OTHER SECTORAL AGREEMENTS 93
8.1. International aviation 93
8.2. International shipping 95
8.3. Fluorinated gases 96
OTHER DEVELOPMENTS 98
9.1. UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 98
9.2. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 101
9.3. Energy markets and policies 102
9.4. Commodity markets 104
9.5. Refugee crisis and migration 106
9.6. The global financial and economic crisis 107
OUTLOOK: THE COP IN MARRAKESH AND BEYOND 108
10.1. The conference in Marrakesh 108
10.2. Key topics in Marrakesh 110
10.3. Beyond Marrakesh – Work in 2017 and beyond 111
REFERENCES 113
ANNEX 1: CONTENTS OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT 137
ANNEX 2: ELEMENTS OF THE DECISION ACCOMPANYING THE PARIS
AGREEMENT 139
ANNEX 3: STATUS OF RATIFICATION BY MAIN PARTIES 141

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC Adaptation Committee
ADP Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action
AF Adaptation Fund
AILAC Independent Alliance of Latin America and the Caribbean (Asocia-
ción Independiente de Latinoamérica y el Caribe)
ALBA Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (Alianza Boliva-
riana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América)
AOSIS Alliance of Small Island States
APA Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement
AR5 Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC
AR6 Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC
AR7 Seventh Assessment Report of the IPCC
AREI Africa Renewable Energy Initiative
BAU Business As Usual
BINGO Business and Industry Non-Governmental Organisations
BR Biennial Report
BSER Best System of Emission Reduction
BUR Biennial Update Report
C Celsius
C40 Network of 40 cities addressing climate change
CAEP Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection
CAN Climate Action Network
CCAFS Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
CBDR Common But Differentiated Responsibilities
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CCS Carbon Capture and Storage
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CDP Carbon Disclosure Project
CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons
CfRN Coalition for Rainforest Nations
CGE Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from
Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention
CH Methane
4
CMA Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
the Paris Agreement
CMP Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
the Kyoto Protocol
CO Carbon dioxide
2
COP Conference of the Parties
CORSIA Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation
CPRD Center for Participatory Research and Development
CTCN Climate Technology Centre and Network
CVF Climate Vulnerable Forum
DRI Direct Reduced Iron
EAG Environment Advisory Group
EEDI Energy Efficiency Design Index
EIG Environmental Integrity Group
EIPP European Investment Project Portal
ENGO Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations
EPA (United States) Environmental Protection Agency
EU European Union
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